Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Not whole atomic number 18 we the class of 2006, but those you see before you now are also the future of our society. Our generation has, thus far, failed to establish the same typecast of defining characteristic as our predecessors. We are not the Baby Boomers, the crown Children, or the Generation Xers. Instead, we are the most worldly generation to that extent to come. There is no doubt that our exposure to a vast lay out of media has permanently shaped our loves. However, only our futures pull up stakes tell to what effect.As we sprightliness forward into the great Abyss that is our future, Titanic opportunities surround us. As the depot of our Nine Months nears, many of us will choose to further our academician educations while still others will further their vocational skills in the workplace. some(prenominal) each of us chooses, we cannot be Clueless in that the decisions that we make forthwith will lead us either to a personal Armageddon or to becoming Larger Tha n Life. Today is our Judgment Day.At this very moment, our aptitude to determine our fates is As Good As it Gets. We are faced with the plectrum of continuing to go Good Will Hunting. Do we choose to live selfishly, consumed by the present, or plan our lives as though we were going covering to the Future? We must take The Stand to ensure that, with all payable Speed the lives that we begin to sculpt for ourselves tonight are worthy of our season and effort, and will be more than just financially rewarding.This is a interrupt of The Big Picture. If we allow ourselves to be consumed by the things that weve always been told we should want, we quickly honour that Reality Bites. Before chasing after a certain lifestyle, like fortune, Fame, Mo Money, or Absolute Power, we need to determine what we want from life. If these factors are truly important, thusly by all means, we must chase after our dreams with the attitude of Ill Do Anything to achieve my goals. However, we must never allow our morals, ethics, beliefs or goals be compromised. We will never be happy if we allow our individual beliefs to be ransom by the false ethics of others. We must be true to ourselves, and believe that you Cant Buy Me Love or happiness. No matter how well we correct to the ideals of others, we can never be happy if we fail to conform to our own.

Internal Medicine is a Team Sport Essay -- Medicine College Admissions

Internal Medicine is a Team Sport   Ever since I was a child, I have asked the basic question, Why do things train the way they do? Never satisfied with the mere memorization of facts and details, I have always strived to downstairsstand the mechanism of actions. Seemingly simple facts, resembling water turning into ice when it is cold outside, perplexed me more than the come five year old, resulting in a constant barrage of wherefore for my parents to answer.               This inquisitive nature attracted me to the sciences throughout my school years and, in particular, to chemical science during my undergraduate years at college. I spent a meaning(a) portion of my junior and senior years conducting an honors research project under the guidance of Rob Geis Ph.D., Chairman of the department of chemistry. My research experience taught me not only how to form a carbon-carbon bond using transition metals, hardly more importa ntly how to properly obtain, process and analyze data in order to draw conclusions and formulate theories. ...

Classical vs Baroque Era Music

Baroque PeriodMusical textbookure during the Baroque period was also polyphonic and/or homophonic. Composers used melodic patterns to evoke certain imaginations. The use of text depiction continued. Rhythmic and melodic patterns ar repeated throughout the composition. With the amplification of putzs and the development of certain medicinal drugal techniques such as basso continuo, practice of medicine during the Baroque period became much intriguing.Composers during this period were more open to experiment and improvisation. Major and minor scales and chords were used during this time. Baroque music has unity of mood throughout the composition. Rhythm is also more constant. Rhythmic and melodic patterns hunt to be repeated, although beats are more pronounced and there are also pitch changes at heart a composition. Even the dynamics tends to keep the same for most of the piece, but roundmultiplication there is also an alternation of dynamics. determinate PeriodThe themes within a movement of a important composition have more contrast of mood and it can change either gradu everyy or suddenly. The rhythm is more flexible and there are at times sudden pauses and changes in beats. Music is more melodic and often homophonic. A change in dynamics is gradual. The piano became a popular instrument during this period and composers showcased the instruments capabilities. This period also signaled the end of the basso continuo. Instrumental compositions unremarkably had 4 movements and each movement may consist of 1 to 4 themes.SimilaritiesIn both the Baroque and guileless periods, composers were strongly tied to, connected to, and occupied by the court of a Royal or Noble family of some sort, or a church. Mozart was industrious by the Emperor of Austria, and Bach was employed by several different chapels in his lifetime. These wealthy patrons, establishments or families comm simply providedfor the composers welfare and lifestyle.Baroque and Classical mu sic both share basic serviceable harmony that is not very adventurous in modulation, however, the mid to previous(a) Classic period begins to show signs of harmonic exploration to a wider degree. nigh Baroque progressions are not commonly found in Classical music, however.Forms of the Baroque laid ground for many periods to come. Techniques and styles were not forgotten as the Classical period came to noticeable rise around the death of Bach. Composers distillery wrote famous and striking opera houses, concertos, masses, and sonatas Aspects of Classical era opera are all of the linguistic process are sung, the style of singing must be sinewy enough to project the words and music throughout the opera house, words are often not in English, and the plots of operas are usually shortened, because more time is required to express a thought in music than simply speaking.Also, Classical opera requires the suspension of realities that affect any drama. For example, a change of scene m ost likely means that a tumid amount of time has passed between these two scenes within the opera. The purpose of Classical opera is not to imitate reality, but rather heighten it to a degree that is not bound by logic. It appeals to the imagination of the audienceThe music of an opera consists of recitatives, arias, and choruses. The chorus usually participates on stage from behind the main characters.Several traditions go about the type of voices and the characters portrayed. The heroine and hero usually a soprano and tenor, and the scoundrel or authority figure is often a bass.Two types of operas were important during the Classical period opera seria and opera buffa. opera house seria was the traditional tragic opera that often featured stories about ancient Greek and Roman heros and gods. Opera buffa (comic opera) was filled with fun and frivolity. It was written invernacular languages, and used comic dialogue and sometimes included popular tunes.Homophonic texture was mostl y used, with only occasional counterpoint. New forms developed for individual movements sonata-allegro, theme and variations, rondo, and minuet and trio.Niccol Piccinni, Christoph Willibald Gluck, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were three salubrious known opera composers during the early Classical era. Famous pieces that they wrote included La buona figliuola, Orfeo ed Euridice, and La finta giardiniera, respectively.

Compare the ways in which William Wordsworth and Williams Blake Essay

Compare the directions in which William Blake and Williams Wordsworth describe capital of the United Kingdom and its effects on them in their poetrys dispassionate upon Westminster Bridge and capital of the United Kingdom twain Composed and capital of the United Kingdom are pre 1914 amative poetry besides differ on how they are influenced by love story. Romanticism was a mean(a)ly unseasoned type of poetry and was developed in the 18th century and subroutine mostly in late 18th and early 19th centuries ideas of romance include the celebration of the lower class, an idyllic world, the importance of record, corporate trust contrary to organised religion and warrantdom of expression. Blake was kn give birth as the father of romanticism and his writing is both dark (when talking about society) solely graceful (when talking about nature). Wordsworth on the other hand saw romantic ideas and beauty e realwhere (including society).Life in the 18th century was all(prenominal) about change and revolution about people were being much open on their views of organised religion and other areas of society thusly influencing romanticism.Composed is a song about Wordsworths compulsory saga metropolis of capital of the United Kingdom Wordsworth grew up in Yorkshire a land full of nature and bonnie countryside the romantic idea of an idyllic world. This could be why Wordsworth coffin nail see the beauty and romantic views in London because he has great(p) on seeing so many around him. Blake barely grew up in London itself therefore allowing him to see its darkness and allowing him to experience a bodily body structured and strict society.Wordsworth was an enthusiastic romantic who wrote the poem Composed from what he saw standing Upon Westminster Bridge. Wordsworth expresses his own somebodyal view points on London we see this as he writes in first person Wordsworth withal never refers to other people aiming that he wants London to be his own and n o one elses. Wordsworth sees liberty and artlessness within the city this nominate be seen when he writes that the city is f striving using fair suggests that Wordsworth sees an innocent beauty in London. Also Wordsworth uses a colon aft(prenominal) the word fair meaning that the city isnt just beautiful but has other elements also.Fair is also used much in love poems, memorializeing Wordsworths love of the city. Wordsworths love of the city is also seen when he uses personification such as The River glideth at his own sweet will. The use of personification identifies that Wordsworth classes the River as an equal or however higher and also shows how personal the city is to him. Differing to Wordsworth sitting and watching the city go by Blake is walking the streets at night a while when evil is allegedly revealed, Blake choosing this time to write suggests that the poem will be negative and also dark. Blake reveals Londons late night deceptions in his poem London. Blake erupts to see nothing in London however deception, oppression, expiration and depression. This is shown multiple times such as And the hapless passs take a breathRuns in blood down the palace walls.The soldiers sigh being the oppression and depression, the blood down palace walls being the death and deception.Wordsworth seems to be the opposition to these negative views, shown in his explicit compulsory imaging Never did the sun more beautifully steep.This quotation fundamentally means that the sun has never looked as beautiful as it does now, sunniness symbolises a fresh start and chastity. Therefore suggesting the city is pure as the rays of the sun are shining on it. Purity is also suggested when Wordsworth writes that the air is smokeless even in the industrial city, London. The frequent use of positive imagery finishedout the poem creates ideas that Wordsworth has seen London as a cathartic experience and has been enlightened by the city.Through out the poem it would appear that Wordsworth wants the reader to feel at peace with London and shows his calm and rejoicing visit to the city seen in Wordsworths use of language ghost, silent and asleep.All of these words give a harmonized and peaceful atmosphere this implies that Wordsworth feels at one with the city.Wordsworth was influenced by many unlike things whilst writing Composed one of these influences may have been that Wordsworth was on his modality to visit his daughter in France, this may have given Wordsworth positive emotions and allowing him to see London as a stepping stone on the way to see his daughter giving him hope. Hope is indicated as Wordsworth writes in the cockcrow time, a time for fresh starts and new beginnings, Wordsworth then goes on to say that the morning is silent and bare suggesting that anything can happen.All poets have reasons for writing a per civic poem Composed is no exception to this Wordsworth writes the poem to show people that romantic ideas and hope ca n be found anyplace and that London is the smell of this. Both the language and punctuation in the poem shows hope and freedom. The manipulation of the poem can also intelligibly be defined from the bring up This City now doth like a garment, get intoThe beauty of the morning silent bare,This quotation shows both honesty and innocence by the words silent bare both of these words suggests that the city is not hiding anything and possesses no abstruse deception. Innocence is shown as the city doth like a garment, wear they beauty of the morning As the morning is new and innocent and is around the city reflecting its innocence back upon the city.The poem London by Blake however has a screwly different purpose and is written to show that society does not express hope, romantic ideas and is in fact corrupted and full of deception. Blake uses the poem to show how society manipulates nature and faith as shown in the quotation Every blackening church service appalsThis represents h ow religion has been manipulated by society and is now evil unlike faith that is true and honourable. The romantic view of organised religion is that it toys with people to puzzle them cerebrate that they believe in God, taking away their freedom and the purity of faith and religion. Blake has always lived in London and craves freedom and an escape from what he perceives a political and oppressed society.The differences between the purposes can be clearly defined and explained, as it is not solely the views of the poets that make their poems it is also, their positions in animation and London their province of mind experiences and previous encounters with the city and the time of day.Wordsworth uses the structure of Composed to gain replicate freedom in London as the poem is a sonnet (representing society and London what most believe as ruled and structured) however uses punctuation to break up the rules and structure to enforce freedom and constant settle of life, suggested by Wordsworths use of only one full stop. still significant usage of the semi-colon, colon and comma in varied places rather than just at the residuum of a office thus creating fluency relating to the river in the city which is free and powerful.Wordsworths use of enjambments is also an indication to this much like in the lineages Open unto the fields, and to the skyAll bright and glittering in the smokeless air.The enjambments allow the reader to think about the true meaning of the line and language, encouraging them to visualise the scene.Wordsworth uses positive language when talking about London, he also uses straight forward imagery of London opposed to hidden deceptions (like in Blakes London), and this reflects honesty onto the city. Wordsworth writes of freedom in London this creates hope for the people of London giving them something to admire and aspire for. This is shown in the quotation The river glideth at his own sweet willglideth indicates peace and harmony as g liding is a constant non aggressive pace also suggesting freedom and nature, much like a bird gliding through the air creating hope and viewing Wordsworths admiration for the River.Although Wordsworth writes about London in a positive way parts of his language suggest that he knows there are parts of London that are not as romantic and peaceful as he sees now. Shown in the quote And all that flop heart is lying still this last line indicates that Wordsworth believes the city can be aggressive by referring to it as mighty heart (mighty heart also suggests a busyness as the heart is centre of everything) however sees the city at peace so writes that the city is lying still.Blake also uses the river as a symbol of freedom, however Blake suggests that the rivers freedom is corrupted and restricted still the river maintains a hint of hope being the cities only freedom (according to Blakes London). We can see Blakes views on the river in the line chartered Thames does flowFirst it ca n be suggested that Blake respects the river as he refers to it by its name Thames instead of just calling it river (like in Composed) this suggests that Blake still sees hope in the river and partly wants to be like the river.However bulwarks can also be seen in the word chartered suggesting that person set Thames out that way and that it can not do anything but follow the set out path. There is not only restriction but also freedom within this quote as the river flows this shows freedom and hope.Generally Blakes language is very morbid and negative, which suggests constrainment leading to the Blakes view on politics. Blake is very critical of London is the poem the complete opposite to Composed however just like Composed, London is made personal as Blake writes in first person and refers to some of his senses sight and sound. And mark in every face I pull togetherAnd through the midnight streets I hearboth of these quotations show Blake using his senses, showing that Blake take s in everything that is happening around him.Industrialisation versus romanticism is a make theme throughout the poem Blake is very traditional and romantic and does not fit into London because of this. Through his poem Blake suggests that the industrialisation that has consumed the city only creates depression, oppression and distinctively destroys happiness and honesty. This is made apparent by the chimney sweepers song symbolising the depression of the people of London by the cry however showing that they are trying to clean up the present of society as they are cleaning the dark, dismal and black ashes in the city.Blake does not just blame the city itself Blake also blames the people internal the city people who influence industrialisation. During the quadrupleth stanza Blake suggests that the actions that people are making now will create problems for the next generation. Youthful harlots curse symbolises the sins of the youth creating a curse a word this is often used i n association with witches. These sins cause the newborn infants tear which further exemplifies future problems the next generation will have to deal with and organize due to mistakes made by the youth of the time.The curse in stanza four is also shown by the plagues and the marriage hearse which indicates death. In the case of the marriage hearse this creates a link between eternity and death destroying aspects of hope and proving the impurity of the city.Blake uses imagery, head rhyme and language choice to illustrate his portrayal of London using these skills he opens the open up to his reader inviting them to have their own interpretations.The differences are very apparent between the poems and there are clear divides of attitude the state of mind of the poets and how society affects them. Romanticism and industrialisation are key elements in both poems however are showed in immensely different ways. Blake trunk negative due to the changes that have taken away romanticism Wor dsworth however keeps positive indicating clear elements of hope.

Automated Inventory System and Pos Essay

A lot of companies and organizations needed the serving of estimators because of its speed, precision and productivity. Moreover, many assembly linees flourished because production was increased and human computer errors were lessened and attention decisions were press forwardd finished accurate and reliable nurture generated by softw be applications. The business orb has become dep curiosityent to the massive use of computers and electronics. Nowadays, al approximately every bodily and company, great or sm altogether, enhances their business success rates and profitability by the use of computers. In catalogue brass with POS whether automated or manual, comprises of machines, multitude, and/or methods organized to serve well, disseminate and transmit information that represent user information. An armoury System with POS is a musical arrangement that supports a business in the observe of point in times and gross trades. Also, it is a computer processing in wh ich the computer responds immediately to user requests. Thus, Malaya and walk structure contribute, the subject of this study, is in need of an blooding and gross revenue softwargon to help them identify stemma requirements, forget me drug targets, and report real(a) and projected history status. The introduction of an automated piazzament hopes to optimize the inventory levels and eliminate stock-outs. BRIEF HISTORYMalaya Lumber and Construction Supply has been a recognized name in the Makati Hardware industry for over 40 years. Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply carry a wide cooking stove of construction supply to become every need. The Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply range includes industry renowned computer seriousware equipments from leading manufacturers including YELE, CEMEX, ABOY, and so forth Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply, supply a range of electrical, sand, cement, steel, plywood, sink, toilets, plumbing and tiles to suit every budget.1.1 p ronouncement of the ProblemMalaya Lumber and Construction Supply are having difficulty in observe their inventory and sales. * How to design and cause a module to monitor the availability of their items. * How to generate reports as per client needs, for e.g. sales Report, caudex Sales Report. * How to wind the return/exchange of the items.1.2 Current State of the TechnologyMalaya Lumber and Construction Supply are before long employ a labor-intensive process in inventory, calculating of sales and producing reports. Listed infra are classifications of internal operations that enable the company to do business with the public. Purchase OrdersSales entryRe-OrderBack-OrderReportsThese classifications are done by arrive and most of the information is stored on a Logbook and with sales transaction is completed thru a pre-printed numbered blank receipt. The needed reports are mostly en figured by a managerial level employee thru Microsoft Excel. Problems like misplace files of set downs are minimized and forget help them whollyeviate deluge track of work done by lively age-old use of the hand outline and logbook based record f only outing. The pland Inventory System with Point of Sale give attain daily operations effective and convenient to use as well.1.3 fair game1.3.1 General ObjectiveThe proponents aim to develop a computerized Inventory System with Point-of-Sale for the Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply that ordain aid their daily operations regarding their inventory and sales function. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives* To provide a monitoring module that pull up stakes track the availability of items in the inventory. * To create a module that exit generate reports for Inventory and Sales. * To develop a module that go out track the record of the return and exchange of the items. 1.3.3 Scope and LimitationsScopeThis study is completely developed for Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply. This study is concerned to develop an Inventory Sy stem with Point ofSale for Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply which covers sale transactions and monitoring stocks. The transcription provides the following functionalities1. Display inventory conditions of the products, including stock, out-of-stock, back-ordered or pre-orderable. 2. Filter product listing to show only those products that are currently available in stock. 3. Decrement inventory levels when orders are processed.4. Receive nonifications when inventory levels reach an out-of-stock threshold. * The carcass has the faculty to keep track customer and supplier information. * A economy module that monitors products delivered by the supplier and products delivered to the costumers. * The governance has the capability to create a back-up copy of selective informationbase file. * The dodge has a security to keep either information secured for unauthorized users. * The agreement has a module that forgeting prompt the user if a particular item has reach its sear ing level. * The system leave be apply in a local area network based network.* Report Module generates hard copy of record data in a daily, quarterly and annually basis.Limitation* The system lead not support bar -coding for items.* The system is incapable of accepting citation cards as payment. * There is no record entry in reckoning of tax payment for submission in BIR. * The system does not support schedule of delivery for the clients.Chapter 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK2.1 portalEvery computer system should be supported by theories. minded(p) that the proponents intend to develop a sales and inventory system, theories concerning inventory fudge and transaction processing system should bestudied. computing device related topics, much(prenominal) as database, GUIs and others, is in addition studied. These theories will eventually lead to the overall building and design of a system. The theories mentioned in this chapter will be the foundation of the propose system. 2.2 Inv entory Control SystemSome of the best inventory management computer software is equipped with a low-level warning system that will alert you when your stock is getting low so you dont run out of something that is selling well. You in any case have the ability to tell in real time what stock you have on hand at some other location and keep track of it. If you offer item kits its important to use a program that will brook you to keep an eye on your sales and inventory so that your kits are all accounted for. TOPT2013 2.3 Software PrototypingPrototyping is the process of building a model of a system. In terms of an information system, prototypes are employed to help system designers build an information system that intuitive and easy to manipulate for end users. Prototyping is an iterative process that is part of the synopsis phase of the systems development life cycle. UMSL2012 2.3 Transaction Processing SystemA transaction process system (TPS) is an information processing syst em for business transactions involving the collection, modification and recovery of all transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include performance, reliability and consistency. TECH20132.4 Graphic drug user InterfaceA graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface (i.e., a way for humans to interact with computers) that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse (and often to a limited extent by a keyboard as well). GUIs stand in sharp contrast to tender line interfaces (CLIs), which use only text and are accessed solely by a keyboard. The most familiar example of a CLI as well as many people is MS-DOS. Another example is Linux when it is used in ease mode (i.e., the entire screen shows text only). LINF2004 2.5 DatabaseA database is a set of data that has a regular structure and that is organized in such(prenominal) a way that a computer can easily rally the desired information. Data is a collection of distinct pieces of information , particularly information that has been formatted (i.e., organized) in some specific way for use in analysis or making decisions. A database can generally be looked at as being a collection of records, each of which contains one or more fields (i.e., pieces of data) about some entity (i.e., object), such as a person, organization, city, product, work of art, recipe, chemical, or sequence of DNA. For example, the fields for a database that is about people who work for a specific company might include the name, employee assignment number, address, telephone number, date employment started, position and salary for each worker. LINF2006 2.6 Database calibrationNormalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This includes creating tables and establishing relationships between those tables concord to rules designed both(prenominal) to protect the data and to demand the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependency. MICR20132.7 Computer NetworkA computer network is a assort of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are commonly categorise based on their characteristics. TECH2013 2.8 Back-upIn the computer world, a backup is a copy of some data. This copy could be used to restore the fender data when the original information is lost or damaged. You can make backups of your data manually, by copying your files to another place a CD, another disc, another machine, to a tape device, etc. Ideally, the copy should be stored on another physical place and should not be stored on the aforesaid(prenominal) room where the original is. In case of disaster, like a fire, having both the original data and the backup on the same physical place could be fatal. I recommend you to make multiple copies ofyour valuable data for example, you can have a copy stored on another ha rd drive and another copy on some remote file transfer protocol server, for maximum security. COBI2009 2.8 SummaryDifferent theories the proponents have taken to consideration to develop our sales and inventory system. The proponents studied the inventory and transaction supposition so that we can have of idea on how this concept works. The software prototyping will help the proponents and the customer to have overview of the outline of the system. The database normalization theory will play a huge role in an inventory system. The inventory system will handle numerous amounts of data so it will be hard to have the database normalized properly. Back-up theory will help to realise the safety of the data. For internal cooperation on the company, the system will be implemented in a LAN environment. The graphical user interface theory will help in making the design more user-friendly.Chapter 4 Performance Analysis4.1 IntroductionThis chapter gives the procedures on how the proponents u sed to analyze and trial run the performance of the system. The proponents objective was to provide a monitoring module and to create a module that generate reports and to develop a module that will tract the record. The group conducted proper tribulationing procedures to picture that the system is capable of doing necessary requirements. The intended users of the system are the sales representative, vendee, cashier and the administrator. The sales representative manages all the walk-in orders and delivery orders. The purchaser manages all the transaction in ordering products and monitoring of inventory. The cashier manages the payment of the customers.The administrator is the one who updates the file maintenance, process the access level, makes backup and restores the database of their system.4.2 data-basedList of testing procedures below are the aspects used by the proponents to quantity all functions accurately according to the specific objectives of the systems.4.2.1 Unit T estingRefers to test that verify the functionality of specific section code, usually at the function level.The proponents conducted an intensive testing of all validation rules implemented. Using the system, proponents entered some values to all data entry forms to check all valid, invalid and limit of all input. In addition to that, the proponents checked what are the result, kind of value and attributes will return if it was called. Overall consistency of systems application is also check on this experimentation.4.2.2 Integration testingIt is any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between components against a software design. Software components whitethorn be integrated in an iterative way or all together.In this part of experiment, the objective of proponents was to expose defects in the interface and fundamental interaction between integrated components. The proponents studied all the areas of inventory and sales to make sure if every module and its fun ctions are integrated properly, specially the computation of commission and generations of all necessary reports.4.2.3 System testingThe proponents examined a complete integrated system to verify that it meets its requirements.The accuracy and consistency of the computerize system was very effective rather than the old business process wherefore the proponents realize the opposite of new process and old convention of their business.4.2.3 of import testingAlpha testing is simulate or actual usable testing by the prospective user or an independent test team at the developers site.Alpha testing was conducted at the developers site by the sales rep. to make sure if theres a paradox when development the said system. Therefore, the sales rep. gave some suggestions and comments about the process of the system to enable the proponents to gain more information.4.3 Results and AnalysisThe proponents had finished the experimental and payoff to the analysis of all problems encountered. Th e following are the errors and the proponents actions during the experimental of the system. * Logic ErrorsThe types of errors occur when incorrect judgment and reason used during system development. This usually occurred when loops were not properly terminated, incorrect assignments were done, and incorrect comparison made during filtering operations. * phrase structure ErrorsSyntax errors occur when typographical errors and incorrect usage of object properties and other keywords were used. The group has ensured that all syntax errors have been eliminated.* An updateable QueryThis error occurred when fields in the tables of the systems database were being update while the database was currently in a read only mode. * Expected Statement Error (End If without If)This error occurs when the End If of the If Statement is placed wrongly or the If Statement does not have a corresponding End If. * Integrity ConstrainsThis error occurs when a record having child record are being deleted or a record that is being added contains a similar primary key code as an existing record in database. *4.4 SummaryThe result of serial publication of testing and analysis proved to be satisfactory for both the proponents and customers. The system was able to perform the processes that it is intended to do.The system was able to efficiently record and monitor sales and products of the company therefor making it for the administrator and the sales representative to monitor items and sales.It also made the sales rep. work easier because the system provided them with a file maintenance module that enables to add, edit, delete and back-up files. The system was also able automatically print all the important reports that customers needed.Shifting the process of Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply from unorganized to well organize system by automating it is a big help out to the company. Since the system has been tested thoroughly, it was able to perform well thus making a processes a lot easier for the Malaya personnel.Chapter 5CONCLUSIONThe proponents have to complete all the requirements and specifications of the system which include a monitoring module, report generating and a module that will tract the record. The developers have successfully met the objectives of the study.Specifically, the system was able to secure all the records from unauthorized personnel to maintain data integrity to be generated using Log-in featured of the system. For payment and cashiering, with the use of the system, producing receipts were easier and faster without miscalculating of operate rendered of every employee. With the used of Computerized Sales and Inventory for Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply, sales, delivery and inventory of products are efficiently monitored and recorded. Also, fast and accurate generation of reports is provided. Therefore, the proponents shut that the produce outputs and operation of Computerized Sales and Inventory System for Malaya Lumber and C onstruction Supply are provenenhance and better than the companys current labor intensive system.BIBLIOGRAPHYWorld Wide WebTOPT1013toptenreviews (2013), Inventory Control System http//inventory-software-review.toptenreviews.com/UMSL2012umsl (2012), Software Prototypinghttp//www.umsl.edu/sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html TECH2013techopedia (2013), Transaction Processing System http//www.techopedia.com/definition/707/transaction-process-system-tps LINF2004linfo (2004), Graphic User Interfacehttp//www.linfo.org/gui.htmlLINF2006linfo (2006), Databasehttp//www.linfo.org/database.htmlMICR2013support.microsoft (2013), Database Normalization http//support.microsoft.com/kb/283878TECH2013techopedia (2013), Computer Networkhttp//www.techopedia.com/definition/25597/computer-networkCOBI2009cobiansoft (2009), Back-uphttp//www.cobiansoft.com/backuptheory.htmACKNOWLEDGEMENTAPENDICES

Gender Differences in the Use of Technology Essay

At the center of 21st century culture is electronic electronic electronic calculating machine engine room which presence and utilise just decades ago, were limited for the government and just about institutions. Today, computer engine room steps out from such isolation pervading totally institutions, industries, commerce and other beas of life at what appears to be logarithmic speed, devising its mastery or at least working knowledge an necessary requisite if one is to keep pace with time.The ubiquity of applied science, continuous testine in the demands for scientificly-advanced workforce combined with the application of basic economic principles wangle one think whether the train on gender differences as it relates to technology is in reality a matter worthy of anyones attention. Statistics say it is. Generally, in a technological workplace, women are lifelessness underrepresented single five percentage of computer course of champaignmers, ten percent of s ystem analysts and ten percent of electronic technicians are females (Statistics Women in engine room, 2008).In major companies in Silicon Valley, only 5-6% is led by females (Statistics Women in Technology, 2008). There has been a decline in the number of females pursuing public lifes related to science and technology. agree to the National shopping center for Education Statistics, the number of women who earned a bachelors grade in computer science has decreased from 37% to 28. 4% from 1984 to 1995 (Statistics Women in Technology, 2008). Female students who took the advanced placement computer examination comprised only 17% (Statistics Women in Technology, 2008).From these statistics, one may speculate that females future career choices still fall along traditional paths. This was confirmed by a study done by Lupart and Cannon (2002) on students experiences on desirable career characteristics and career choices. With the rising demand for high-tech jobs (Statistics Women and Technology, 2008), knowledge and handling of technology become an essential condition to improve womens participation in the workforce and to enable them to pursue higher(prenominal) status and better-paying jobs in the future.However, the command belief is that non only are women underrepresented in the technology-related industry they are withal considered to be less elicit, less confident and less clever in this area. These three factors affect their usage of technology. Still, underneath these factors, womens computer usage can be traced on socialization and upbringing. Boys and girls do not course the same games during childhood. While boys are usually made to play video games or games that promote problem-solving, hands-on skills and spatial-relationship skills, girls play with dolls, which scat to aim their value of relationships (Milgram, 2007).Problem-solving, hands-on and spatial-relationship skills are critical to the study of computer and technology-related sub jects. As a result of this discrepancy in development, males become much interested in technology and become better-equipped with the necessary skills as they reach adulthood (Milgram, 2007). The males slackly higher interest in technology, however, does not affect the initiative of improving females perception and spatial relation towards technology. The effect of ubiquitous computing on gender differences was examined in a study done in 2006.Here, the participants were inclined access 24-hour access to a laptop computer. Gender differences were observed in behavioural status towards future use of computers before the laptop program. Prior to the laptop program, males were more inclined to use computers. This changed after the laptop program. No authoritative difference was observed in the attitude towards the use of computers after the program (Kay, 2006). Before the program, males were observed to be more skillful in computer abilities compared to females.No significant difference was observed in computer abilities among males and females after the program, except for the skill in programming (Kay, 2006). In rally Georgia middle school, the study on 8th grade students showed a statistically significant difference mingled with achievements of males and females. In this experiment, the participants were instructed and given an exam both written and applied on two modules, information and broadcasting. A great improvement was seen in females for the information module while the males showed greater improvement in the broadcasting module.This study partially debunks earlier findings that males generally show higher achievements compared to males, in the study of computer technology (Hale, 2005). These studies apprize that females do not sire an inherently unfavorable computer skill, interest, and attitude which affect computer use. Provided with the right tools and knowledge, females may do as hearty or even better than males (Milgram, 2007). Th e comparatively lower use of technology by females can be attri only whened to the differences in perceptions on technology between genders.While the females see technology through its social function, the males perspective is more focused on the hardware itself (Brunner, 1997). Males, therefore, are more likely to study more on the intricacies and technicalities of the use of technology compared to females which in effect allows them to maximize its use. Meanwhile, the females perspective of technology limits their use to only a number of functions.. According to Milgram (2007), females are much less likely to retain interest if they incur they are incapable of mastering the material. Also, males tend to exaggerate their accomplishments while females tend to feel less comfortable even when they do well in tests (Milgram, 2007). The females initial lack of skill in technology affects their self-reliance and perception towards its use. However, like interest and attitude, these may be changed upon image. Nicolino, et. al. (2006) measured the arrogance see of male and female sufficeents in the frequency of use of computers at theatre and at work. No significant difference in computer use was observed between males and females.Significant differences were observed in the only in the applications used by the two genders. The possible change in perceptions and assurance which may affect usage is evidenced by the study by Wong and Hanafi in 2007. In this study, the attitudes of male and female student teachers in Malaysia towards exposure and use of Information Technology were measured in terms of usefulness, confidence and aversion. No significant differences were seen between the two genders were observed during the pre- and post IT course. both genders showed improvement in their appreciation of IT usage after the IT course.Females exhibited greater confidence in IT usage after the course compared to their male counterparts (Wong and Hanafi, 2007). Given the males higher degree of confidence towards technology, the question now is whether such confidence really translates to cast upd use of technology. In a study on about 6,800 fourth and eighth grade students, it was reported that males significantly increase their use of technology with age while no such significant increase was seen in females (Barker and Aspray, 2006). It has been established that the males have a more positive attitude and higher degree of confidence towards technology.These, however, are not solely gender-based but more importantly, based on their differences in upbringing, with males having more background in problem-solving and spatial-relationship. Based on the general principles derived from studies on gender-gap in technology, strategies can be employed to address such gap, improve computer attitude, increase computer use and create a culture where everyone can participate and start out advantage of the benefits of technology, regardless of gender. Mil gram (2007) lists some of such strategies targeting the middle school where attitudes in computer use start to emerge.These strategies include the creation of same-sex groups in classrooms, the incorporated and meaningful use of technology, the improvement of teachers computer skills, the use of gender torpid softwares, simulation games for all genders, and the discouragement of using technology and computers as a refund. Common among these strategies is their focus on building the confidence of females who often have less experience than males. Simulation games, for example, ensure that not only males are given the opportunity to develop problem-solving and spatial relationship skills.Simulation games also promote hands-on proficiency which is necessary in developing technological skills and use. The creation of same-sex groups in classrooms and the discouragement of using technology and computers as reward minimize the males aggressive, assertive and self-assured behavior which stem from their confidence in their skills. In sum, it is by simulating the environment that contributed to the development of males skills that the gender gap in the use of technology can be significantly reduced.The fact that females respond to technology more positively if given the right building blocks, as shown by previous studies support this.Works Cited Barker LJ and Aspray W. (2006). The state of seek on girls and IT. In J. M. Cohoon and W Aspray (eds. ), Women and information technology (pp. 3-54). Cambridge, MA MIT Press. Brunner C. (1997). Technology and gender Differences in masculine and feminine views. NASSP Bulletin, 81(592), 46-51. Hale, KV. (2005). Gender differences in computer technology achievement. Meridian, 8(1). Kay R. (2006).Addressing gender differences in computer ability, attitudes and use The laptop effect. diary of Educational Computing Research, 34(2), 187-211. Lupart J and Cannon E. Computers and career choices gender differences in grades 7 and 10 students. Gender, Technology and Development, 6(2), 233-248. Milgram D. (2007). Gender differences in learning trend specific to science, technology, engineering and math. SelfGrowth. com. Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http//www. selfgrowth. com/articles/Gender_Differences_in_Learning_Style_Specific_to_Science_Technology_Engineering_and_Math_STEM.html. Nicolino, P. , Fitzgerald, B. , Maser, K. & Morote, E. (2006). Gender Differences in trustfulness about Using Technology An Introductory Course. In C. Crawford et al. (Eds. ), Proceedings of rules of order for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2006 (pp. 3544-3549). Chesapeake, VA AACE. Statistics Women in Technology. (2008). DeVry University Website. Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http//www. phx. devry. edu/outreach/her_world_stats. asp. Wong, S. L. , & Hanafi, A. (2007). Gender Differences in Attitudes towards

The Canning of Charles Sumner

On May 20, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts anti-slavery republican, delivered a spoken language called villainy against Kansas. The manner of speaking was about Kansas admission to the Union as a Slave give tongue to or Free maintain. In his speech, Sumner insulted two Democratic senators. sulfur Carolina senator, Andrew Butler, who was non pre move, got his share of Sumner insults. Senator Butlers kinsman Preston Smith suffer, representative from South Carolina, offend by Sumners speech, he considered the speech as libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler.First He thought of challenging Sumner to a duel but he did non believe Sumner to be a military man and decided to discipline Sumner with public beating. On May 22, 1856, let waited in Senate Chamber for ladies to leave. While Sumner was seated at his desk, the Chamber was clear of ladies, stand walked up to Sumners desk and marked his feelings about Sumners speech as libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butl er. Brooks then started to vanquish the Senator with a gold headed gutta percha rebuke. First Sumner tried to defend himself but he was trapped between desk and his chair.After couple of hits Sumner was already blinded by his bear blood, but that did not stopped Brooks. Brook kept strike Sumner until his cane shattered. Brooks left the chamber after seeing Sumner collapsed unconscious mind on the floor. Later on Brooks informed his brother what happened, he wrote that he gave Sumner about30 first rate stripes with the cane and he wrote every salt pigeon berry went where I intended. Brooks action was celebrated by more Southerners and condemned by northerners. Both men became heroes in their respective states.The beat up of Charles Sumner was a symbolic of two regions conflict and factor of rising tension starring(p) up to the American Civil War. Bibliography Gienapp, William E. The hatred Against Sumner The flog of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the republican Party. Ci vil War story pp. 218-245. September 1979. Geniapps ledger provides a careful examination of the caning of Charles Sumner and aftermath of the incident towards political parties. The writer discusses how crucial this case was on the road to civil war. Woods, Michael E. The Indignation of Freedom-Loving deal The Caning ofCharles Sumner and Emotion in Antebellum Politics. Journal of Social History pp. 689-705. ricochet 2011. Woodss journal provides the role of emotion in antebellum American politics and political culture through an compend of the scandalize northern response to the May 1856 caning of Charles Sumner. The author discusses how primary(prenominal) was vexation in antebellum political culture. Sinha, Manisha. The Caning of Charles Sumner Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the get on with of the Civil War. Journal of the Early Republic pp. 233-262. Summer 2003.Sinhas journal analyzes the argument of slavery, race and ideology motivated by the caning of Charles Sumner . White, Laura A. Was Charles Sumner Shamming, 1856-1859?. The newborn England Quarterly pp. 291-324. September 1960. Whites journal provides Sumners recuperation and return to politics after Brooks attack. The author discusses two Northern and Southern response to the incident. Meriwether, Robert L. Preston S. Brooks on the Caning of Charles Sumner. The South Carolina historical and Genealogical Magazine pp. 1-4. January 1951. Meriwethers journal provides the letters sent by Preston S.Brooks to his brother. Pierson, Michael D. All Southern Society IS Assailed by the Foulest Charges Charles Sumners The Crime against Kansas and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric. The New England Quarterly pp. 531-557. December 1995. Piersons journal provides the circumstantial Crime against Kansas speech material. The author discusses if Sumner was offensive enough to get things physical. On May 20, 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts anti-slavery Republican, delivered a speech called Crime against Kansas. The speech was bout Kansas admission to the Union as a Slave State or Free State. In his speech, Sumner insulted two Democratic senators. South Carolina senator, Andrew Butler, who was not present, got his share of Sumner insults. Senator Butlers kinsman Preston Smith Brooks, representative from South Carolina, offended by Sumners speech, he considered the speech as libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler. First He thought of challenging Sumner to a duel but he did not believe Sumner to be a gentleman and decided to discipline Sumner with public beating. On May 22, 1856, Brooks waited in Senate Chamber for ladies to leave.While Sumner was seated at his desk, the Chamber was clear of ladies, Brooks walked up to Sumners desk and marked his feelings about Sumners speech as libel on South Carolina, and Mr. Butler. Brooks then started to conduct the Senator with a gold headed gutta percha cane. First Sumner tried to defend himself but he was trappe d between desk and his chair. After couple of hits Sumner was already blinded by his own blood, but that did not stopped Brooks. Brook kept hitting Sumner until his cane shattered. Brooks left the chamber after seeing Sumner collapsed unconscious on the floor.Later on Brooks informed his brother what happened, he wrote that he gave Sumner about30 first rate stripes with the cane and he wrote every lick went where I intended. Brooks action was celebrated by some Southerners and condemned by Northerners. Both men became heroes in their respective states. The caning of Charles Sumner was a symbolic of two regions conflict and factor of rising tension lede up to the American Civil War. Bibliography Gienapp, William E. The Crime Against Sumner The Caning of Charles Sumner and the Rise of the Republican Party. Civil War History pp. 218-245.September 1979. Geniapps journal provides a thorough examination of the caning of Charles Sumner and aftermath of the incident towards political part ies. The author discusses how important this case was on the road to civil war. Woods, Michael E. The Indignation of Freedom-Loving People The Caning of Charles Sumner and Emotion in Antebellum Politics. Journal of Social History pp. 689-705. Spring 2011. Woodss journal provides the role of emotion in antebellum American politics and political culture through an analysis of the outraged northern response to the May 1856 caning of Charles Sumner.The author discusses how important was indignation in antebellum political culture. Sinha, Manisha. The Caning of Charles Sumner Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War. Journal of the Early Republic pp. 233-262. Summer 2003. Sinhas journal analyzes the argument of slavery, race and ideology motivated by the caning of Charles Sumner. White, Laura A. Was Charles Sumner Shamming, 1856-1859?. The New England Quarterly pp. 291-324. September 1960. Whites journal provides Sumners recovery and return to politics after Brooks attack. The author discusses both Northern and Southern response to the incident.Meriwether, Robert L. Preston S. Brooks on the Caning of Charles Sumner. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine pp. 1-4. January 1951. Meriwethers journal provides the letters sent by Preston S. Brooks to his brother. Pierson, Michael D. All Southern Society IS Assailed by the Foulest Charges Charles Sumners The Crime against Kansas and the Escalation of Republican Anti-Slavery Rhetoric. The New England Quarterly pp. 531-557. December 1995. Piersons journal provides the comminuted Crime against Kansas speech material. The author discusses if Sumner was offensive enough to get things physical.

Environmental Impact And Pollution Control In Kenya Environmental Sciences Essay

Presently the Kenyan family arena is wholly dependent on kerosine and wood coal and in rare instances on solar situation. Use of kerosine and firewood are incompetent rule of burn in Kenya. They are already heights in scarceness value and expensive accordingly a cheaper and cleaner selection is necessary. The proposed infrataking activity is a biomass base creator labor. These classs of childbeds do get an environmental continue analysis to be performed under the bing NEMA ordinances and obtain environment licence. The operation of the top executive kit and caboodle produces emanations, boast urine and solid exhausts such(prenominal) as travel boiler alter. Impact of release of pollutants is planned as fol milds to belittle the impact.Turbo Generator and Auxiliaries The system consists of one multistage steam clean turbine coupled with an electric generator, line of business cooled condenser, air ouster system for air cooled capacitor, condensate pumps, lu bricating oil and adjust oil system. Controls and instrumentality are provided as per the petitions. The proposed biomass based power deeds, result hold one no. 10.0 MW turbo generator. The turbine is provided with devices to safeguard against over velocity, low steam recess force per unit area, high axial motion of the shaft, low lubri dejectiont oil force per unit area, high capacitor vacuity, un collect quiver and so forraderPower contemporaries exit be 10.0 MW during the operation. The aide power ( Home burden ) demand impart be 0.9 MW. The respite power 9.1 MW pass on be exported to KPLC grid. Emergency Power governing body consists of 1 No. DG Set of 250 kVA is provided to do available exigency power impart to the station in instance of black out. The entire demand of inbred H2O for this unit result be 256 KLD. The full natural H2O demand for the unit depart be met from dug beneficial and bore good indoors and outside the mill premises. This give contract that the natural H2O catchment countries are preserved and the belowground H2O is employ alternatively. The acidic sewer waters generated during regeneration of cautiousness and assorted bed money changers and alkalescent wastewaters generated during regeneration of anions and assorted bed money changers of dematerialized H2O break aways volition be led into a neutralisation cavity. These wastewaters are self neutralizing further commissariats will be made for concluding pH accommodation ahead disposal.Wastewater GenerationS. NoParticularsWastewater Generated m3/hrMethod of Treatment1Sewage2.0Septic arto a greater extentd armed combat vehicle with distribution trench2Softener regeneration &038 A DM Plant0.3 neutralisation reaction armored combat vehicle3Filter back mop/ R.O cull0.55Waste irrigate Storage Tank4 steam boiler blow muckle2.465Cooling tower blow pile1.159Since, the little measure of effluent will be generated from domestic uses, the opportuni bring togethe rs of defacement of damn will be nil. Wastewater drained from the intervention working is pumped to a neutralisation cavity to keep PH as prescribed by Pollution Control norms.The blow down H2O from boiler will be assorted with chilling tower to m other down the temperature to ambient degree.The sewerage from the assorted power works edifices will be polish offn to a incessantlyyday infected armored combat vehicle through trenches for safer disposal.The H2O utilise in the surface capacitor will be cooled in a chilling tower. Blow down from the chilling tower will be trenched out and eventually conveyed to the wastewater cavity.The va thronet body politic in the in distributery will be used for tree plantation to better the environing environment of the industry.AshThe chief solid waste from the proposed Power Plant will be modify ( Fly ash and Bottom ash ) by the anxious of fire in boiler which will be about 35 tons/day which includes the derriere ash, ash collected in t he ESP ash hoppers. The boiler will be sized to bring ahead 45 tph steam under normal conditions. The proposed boiler will be chiefly bio-mass fired warblele-drum, plumb line type correspondenced bill of exchange with a furnace holding expiry grate type furnace. The boiler will dwell of air pre-heater, economiser, evaporators, super-heaters, go off fire equipment, built-in piping, flue gas ducting with enlargement articulations, back uping braids, platforms and paseos, etc. The fire system consists of a going away grating, air plenum, modulating dampers and ash turns valve.The going grating is driven by a hydraulic agreement and the tie bars of the travelling gratings are made of dramatis personae Fe, to defy the heat from the combustion. The animated air to the grating is supplied from the bottom plenum hoppers and the air is controlled by the air dampers. The discharge terminal of the grating discharges the ash into a H2O impounded hopper. The shifting are collected in th e plenum hopper and discharged by an air whorl valve. Based on preliminary estimations, the maximal one-year coevals of ash from boiler operation is 2.5 tons/hr, based on 100 per centum genus genus genus Prosopis juliflora fire. Fly ash constitutes the study portion, accounting for 75 % of entire coevals, the balance cosmos bottom ash. The fly ash will be apply for estate of the realm filling, Brick doing or Cement blending, for route edifice stuff and for husbandmans, who can utilize the ash as manure for the harvests, and to a fault through ominous stage pneumatic handling system with fly ash silos which produce a capacity to hive away 1 hebdomad coevals of ash. The ash will be transported through trucks and the roads will be asphalted within the works country.Environmental contaminant and controlNoiseNoise Level Survey The first tug of ruffle monitoring in the survey country is to measure the baseline noise and measure the impact of the entire noise expected to be gen erated by proposed undertaking. The inside informations of the expected noise monitoring locations as per surveies on other similar undertakings are that noise degrees during twenty-four hours clip were piece to be in the scope 52.6 48.3 dubnium. The maximal noise degree was observe to be 52.6 dubnium at the Nalli, India and a lower contrast of 48.3 dubnium was observed at Alavattam, India. Noise degrees observed to fall in the scope 48.6- 46.5 dubnium during the dark clip. A upper limit of 48.6 dubnium was observed at the Nalli, India and a lower limit of 46.5 dubnium at Alavattam, India. Equipment will conform to resound degrees prescribed by regulative governments.Adequate noise control travel will be provided to gather the ambient noise degree criterions prescribed by NEMA. Noise enchanting stuffs will be used in the building of roofs, walls, floors and in the generators. proviso of acoustic enclosures to resound bring forthing equipments like pumps will be installed major noise-producing equipments such as turbo generator compressors are to be provided with suited noise suspensions. Provision of thick greenway to rarefy the noise degrees will be made.Safety equipment for noise like ear muffs and other protective devises will be provided to the staff working near noise coevals beginning. The pollution control steps planned for the works will guarantee that it has the least inauspicious impact on the environment. argumentationThe undertaking is techno economically feasible, based on the assorted proficient and fiscal analyses for bring forthing power utilizing bio-mass. During the growing of workss, carbonic acid gas in the air is heedless through photosynthesis. The same measure of carbon dioxide will be released on combustion, and will be once more absorbed while play ( juliflora workss ) . Branchs of juliflora will be cut, go forthing the nail down for the rising growing. Although there will be about emanations from the combustion numb er itself, the undertaking will gain significant C credits as the complete C rhythm is calculated from the O generated by the Prosopis while it is turning until it is eventually destroy. In this manner the procedure is impersonal and qualifies for C recognition from the developed states. By the way this is gross for the biomass power coevals works. The measure of CO2 for a 10 MW power works is about 51,500tonnes/year. Please advice on the highlighted portion.Biomass aught coevals, if done in a sustainable manner, would greatly cut down emanations of nurseries gases. The sum of C dioxide released when biomass is burned is actually about the same as the sum needed to fill the workss fully grown to bring forth the biomass. Therefore, in a sustainable fuel rhythm, there will be no dough emanations of C dioxide, although some fossil-fuel inputs will be required for plant, reaping, transporting, and treating biomass. Efficient cultivation and transition procedures will used and th e resulting emanations will be little ( round 20 % of the emanations created by fossil fuels entirely ) . Besides if the animation needed to bring forth and treat biomass comes from renewable beginnings in the first topographic point, so the net part to planetary heating will be zero.Draft System and Electro-Static Precipitator The boiler will be equipped with one catch of forced bill of exchange fan, secondary air ( SA ) fan and bring forth bill of exchange fan. The FD &038 A SA fans will provide the needed burning air to the boiler. The flue gases generated in the boiler will be evacuated by the ID fan and the capacity and caput of FD fan will be selected sing maximal air that would be required for the fuel fire manners. In the same manner, ID fan will in addition be selected based on the maximal fluke gas generated in any of the fuel sacque manners under consideration. The boiler is connected to an electro-static precipitator, which will take the dust and ash atoms from th e fluke gas, before the ID fan could deliver the goods it. The efficiency of the precipitator will be 99.9 % and the dust concentration at the mercantile establishment of the ESP will be less than 100.0 mg/Nm3. Control of arena degree concentration of SO2 emitted will be achieved by supplying a stack at sufficient tallness of 65 m for scattering.The unit will put in an electrostatic precipitator at the roll in the hay of boilers so as to restrict the suspended particulate affair and set up the criterions prescribed by NEMA. Electrostatic precipitator of 99.9 % efficiency will be installed to restrict the SPM concentrations below100 mg/Nm3. A stack of 55-m tallness will be provided for wider scattering of gaseous emanations.Avoidance of methane emanations due to disintegrate and de-gradation of the biomass waste is besides necessary. The company intends to put out an attack of CO2 neutrality in production and use of bio- mass for heat and power coevals each bit good as avoiding CO2 emanations from the dodo fuels for the corresponding demand. A burning engineering path is selected for the power works, where bio-mass is burnt as fuel in a steam generator to bring forth high force per unit area steam which is so expanded in a steam turbine to bring forth power. This will in importee neutralize the CO2 emanations.The design of fuel handling system, affecting biomass fuels is based on the estimated measures of one-year fuel demands. Fuels will be received at the site by route. Adequate route installations will be provided to manage the road-bound vehicles on a day-to-day peak footing. The fuels geting at site by different types of vehicles such as trucks, tractor dawdlers etc. will be weighed on a cavity less type electronic route weighbridge provided in the works premises. The CO2 emanations from these conveyance vehicles will be later absorbed by the juliflora workss.Conveyor belt will be closed to foretell dust coevals and H2O scattering system will be pr ovided at the stuff handling and storage yard so as to fulfill the Ambient Air Quality/emission criterions prescribed by NEMA. Well maintained greenbelt covering 25 % of the land country will be provided to collar the fleeting emanations.DirtIt has been observed that the pH of the crap ranged from 6.6 -6.7 bespeaking that the dirts are acidic to somewhat alkaline. Dirts are chiefly clay loams with alluvial sedimentations derived from third / quaternate volcanic and pyroclastic stone deposits that have been weathered and gnaw at from the highlands. They contain high degrees of P, K, Ca and Mg and low degrees of N and C. The dirt from the survey country shows chair to good fecundity. By transporting out a replantation of the Prosopis on the cleared land so the dirt birthrate will be improved and maintained.Although zero harvests will be grown without pesticide and fertiliser, large-scale competency agriculture could however take to additions in chemical usage merely because more land would be under cultivation. Dirts could be depleted of organic content and foods unless attention is taken to go forth adequate wastes behind. These concerns point up the demand for ordinance and monitoring of energy harvest development and waste usage.EcologyThe major environmental impact of biomass energy may be that of loss of biodiversity. Transforming natural ecosystems into energy plantations with a rightfully little figure of harvests, every bit few as one, can drastically cut down the biodiversity of a part. There are no wild life sanctuaries/parks within 20 km universal gas constant of the undertaking site. Besides because of the bald land, wildlife is rather scarce with the most common animate beings being the ostrich and dik dik. However serpents are in copiousness. The records of quality Department of Kenya did non bespeak presence of any high endemic or vulnerable species in this country. The natural workss which are chiefly shrubs and acacia trees will non be affected by the undertakings routine. The out agriculturists will be trained on how to place and avoid these natural works species. Please advice if this portion is adequately addressed.This will take to increasing the sum of forest wood harvested for energy and could supply an inducement for the forest-products industry to soak up off its resources more expeditiously, and therefore better forest wellness. But it could besides supply an alibi to work woods in an unsustainable manner. Biomass energy production involves one-year crops or semiweekly remotions of trees from the land. These crops and remotions will be at degrees that are sustainable, i.e. , surety that current usage does non consume the land s ability to run into future demands, and besides be done in ways that do nt degrade other of import indexs of sustainability. Because biomass markets may affect new or extra remotions of trees, we will be careful to minimise impacts from whatever extra demands biomass growing or h arvest home makes on the land.Unfortunately, commercial woods have non ever been soundly managed, and many people view with dismay the chance of change magnitude wood cutting. Their concerns can be met by tighter authorities controls on forestry patterns and by following the rules of first-class forestry. If such rules are applied, it should be possible to pull out energy from woods indefinitely.Greenbelt DevelopmentGreenbelt will be developed inside the mill premises covering a entire country of nigh 10.5 estates. The unit will besides develop the nearby country around the industry for greenway. The inter-spaces will be laid with bush. The inter-space between trees planted will be approximately 5m. It is proposed to duplicate the tree denseness in future in conformity to the mill demands.Socio EconomicOne other side consequence of turning trees for energy is that it will profit dirt quality and farm economic systems. Energy harvests will supply a steady auxiliary income for hu sbandmans in off-seasons and let them to work fresh land without necessitating much extra equipment. Furthermore, energy harvests will be used to stabilise cropland or rangeland prone to wearing and implosion therapy. Trees will be grown for several old ages before being harvested, and their roots and foliage litter will assist stabilise the dirt. The planting of coppicing, or self-regenerating, assortments will minimise the demand for riotous tilling and planting.This undertaking does non affect any supplanting of local people. Employment chances will be improved in the nearby small towns because of this proposed unit and this will supply indirect employment chances for more than 1000 households.Safety PPE s -Operation and CareThe undermentioned steps will be provided to guarantee guard duty of the workers a? industrial safety helmetsa? Crash helmetsa? Face shielda? Welders equipment for centre and face defensea? Cylindrical type earpluga? pinnule muffsa? Canister gas maska? S elf contained take a breathing setupa? Leather aprona? Boiler suita? Safety belt /line pornographic males safety belta? Leather manus baseball mittsa? Canvas semen leather manus baseball mitts with leather thenala? Lead manus baseball mitta? electrically tested electrical opposition manus baseball mitts anda? Industrial safety places with steel toe.Environment, Safety and Health Monitoring programThe Environment, Safety and Health-Monitoring Programme in the mill will be as followsa? monthly Monitoring of Stack Emissions SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOXa? Daily Monitoring of Water and Treated Water pH, TDS, TSS, CODa? Monitoring of Ambient Air SPM, RSPM, SO2, NOX &038 A CO, Noise and Work Place Aira? Occupational Safetya? Occupational HealthBudgetary allotment for Environmental circumspectionClass capital InvestingAnnual Operating Costss( KES in 000 )Air Pollution Management1251Water and Wastewater Management502Solid Waste Management505Greenbelt51Environmental Monitoring and Training51E ntire23510Please advice on this tabular array. Is it necessary and are the figures about correct.Other impact of turning Prosopis Juliflora and utilizing it to bring forth energy include Fossil fuel cogeneration and C extenuation will be encouraged.The furnace and boiler will hold to be particularly modified to be able to bring forth steam at the high temperatures necessary for doing the works more energy efficient.Sustainability of a biomass power works will by and large depend on the engagement of the donees in footings of increased environmental consciousness by separating biomass power and conventional grid power. During the field study it was found out that really small environmental concerns exist among the villagers. This is non to intend that they are nescient of the blackball impacts of deforestation, dirt eroding, and loss of biodiversity but that they are cognizant and are spontaneous to turn to these impacts consequently. They are besides willing to portion the duty to works more trees in their land to counter consequence the negative impact that the power works may bring forth and to keep the sustainability.The call to successful biomass power development is to utilize the resources expeditiously in innovative transition systems that maximize the energy produced and minimise the by-products of the transition processes. In current times, the combination of improved technological efficiencies, scientific progresss, increased environmental-awareness and environmental protection ordinances have turned biomass transition into a cleaner, more efficient procedure.In position of the above, the undermentioned activities along the biomass value concatenation will study consideration in an EIAo? any activity or construction out of character with its surrounding o? major alterations in land usage o? all roads in scenic, wooded or cragged countries and wetlands o? railroad lines o? oil and gas grapevines o? H2O conveyance o? river recreations and H2O tra nsportation between catchments o? boring for the intent of using land H2O resources o? lumber harvest home o? clearance of forest countries o? re-afforestation and afforestation o? large-scale agribusiness o? usage of pesticides, including aerial spray o? debut of new harvests o? usage of fertilisers o? irrigation o? fertiliser industry or processing o? oil refineries and petro-chemical plants o? chemical plants and procedure workss o? majority grain processing workss o? direction of hydrocarbons including the storage of natural gas and combustible or detonative fuels o? waste disposal, including sites for solid waste disposal sites for risky waste disposal sewerage disposal works works affecting major atmospheric emanations works breathing violative olfactory properties.As required for execution of the undertaking activity, undertaking participants have studied the possibility of environmental impacts and conclude that no negative impacts are possible due to the undertaking activity. In fact, the undertaking activity contributes to minimise the environmental pollution due to fossil fuel based electricity coevals.

Carol Ann Duffy Study Notes

1. LITTLE RED CAP LRC is a poetry writ x by Carol Ann Duffy, and is the first poem in the anthology The creative activitys Wife, published in 1999. By interpreting the fairytale of short red ink Riding Hood in her poem, Duffy recounts her ten geezerhood of union to Adrian Henri, who was twenty-three years old her senior. She places herself as the grapheme of Little ruby Cap and Henri as the wolf. Duffy also eitherudes to fairytales such as quiescence Beauty in Queen Herod or more traditional stories manage The Hunchback of Notre Dame in Mrs. Quasimodo.In LRC, however, Duffy uses the fairytale staple of the woods, symbolically a rite of passage, to represent her change from a wide-eyed teenager to a woman who gains sexual maturity and independence, as a woman and a poet. a. Form and structure POV of Little Red Cap? by extension, this is the POV of Duffy when she was junior? access truest thoughts of the calibre ? also allows the reader to see how she progresses from a n aive young teenager who is struck by the wolfs (and by extension Henris) sophistication and, more importantly, physical features to someone who has seen past this hallucination and is more mature . Key features Duffys use of the fairytale? beholding through with(predicate) with(predicate) illusions to find truth, leading to transformation? the illusion that Little Red Cap has to see through ? also may contain a moral, as fairytales do. While LRRH may have focused on neer religioning strangers, this one may be about learning to trust and know yourself before anything else (girl gains independence at the end- I took an axe, and so on )? links to self-discovery? Duffy also subverts the passe-partout tale by removing the passive female person protagonist who gets saved by a man, into someone who asserts her independence by taking an axe to the wolf herselfSetting? contri simplyes to the theme of self-discovery and awakening ? we begin at childhoods end, where the house petered o ut ? there is a sense of safety and innocence lost, as she is on her own ? the itemization in the first stanza presents a world that encapsulates childhood (playing palm), work (factory) and retirement (allotments) ? she has left the microcosmic reality of childhood, indoors her house, and is surrounded by this vast expanse of life? sense of be overwhelmed? but before she can join them she must go through the woods? ymbol of a rite of passage? somewhere unknown, fearful that LRC must traverse through in order to come out the separate view with her flowers, singing all alone Characterization of LRC? throughout the poem, the active of the relationship between LRC and the wolf, as well as the states of each character change ? represents Duffys changing and growing dissatisfaction in her marriage to Henri? character represents Duffy at age 16 (young)? described as sweet sixteenwaif, emphasizing her innocence and naivety ? casual tone (You exponent ask why. ), again highlights her juvenility, which attracts her to the more mature wolf? attraction causes whirlwind hook (I clung till dawn to his trashing fur/ my stockings ripped to shreds) ? emphasized through tearing verbs, and her need to seek justification (what little girl doesnt dear love a wolf? )? suggests she doesnt really know what she is doing? so, it takes ten years in the woods to come out the other side? she undergoes her rite of passage? represents the disillusionment caused during the final years of Duffys marriage? fterwards, she gains independence (repetition of I), and by doing so she finds her own voice in spite of appearance her femininity in the final lines of the poem (I come with my flowers, singing, all alone) Characterization of the wolf? represents the older Adrian Henri ? character progresses in the diametric way of LRC ? he starts off at a higher status, but falls from grace at the 6th stanzas turning signalize ? introduced in stanza 2? Duffy emphasizes his masculine, phys ical qualities (What teeth ), emphasized by allusions to the original tale, as well as the regular rhyme scheme (focuses on hairy paw, rim jaw)? lso creates a juvenile tone, emphasizing LRCs schoolgirl attraction to him, and how he has the upper hand status-wise ? portrayed as mysterious, sophisticated and confident (contrasts with juvenility of LRC)- red wine staining his bearded jaw- it is red wine, not blood? also has connotations of illusion? however, in the 6th stanza she sees through the illusion ? realizes the greying wolf howls the same old song at the moon? implies that she was only taken by the initial impulse for him, but that she has become bored and dissatisfied over time? caesura and duplicate structures (year in, year out) emphasize this? o she emasculates him (one chop, scrotum to pharynx), relinquishing him of his power, becoming independent In conclusion, Duffy manages to explore the themes of self-discovery and independence as she takes a look back at her 10-y ear marriage to Adrian Henri. She cleverly places herself and Henri as the characters Little Red Cap and the wolf, subverting the traditional fairytale of Little Red Riding Hood and by doing this, uses the fairytale staple of seeing through illusions. Finally, Little Red Cap emerges out of the woods, completing her rite of passage.

Mini Case Luxury Wars Essay

Hermes decided to list 25% of Hermes SA on the French stock market in 1993. This was d genius to provide family members with a means to value their stake in the association as wellspring as partially cash in-out if they felt their family dividends were not enough.2.LVMH was able to attain such(prenominal) a large ownership position without the knowledge of Hermes family and management through and through lawfulness exchanges. Equity swaps are derivative contracts whereby two parties enter into a contract to swap future cash flows at a predetermined date. The cash flows are referred to as legs of the swap. In most equity swaps, one leg is tied to a locomote rate like LIBOR (the floating leg), and the other leg is tied to the performance of a stock or stock index (the equity leg). It is also possible for an equity swap to have two equity legs.LVMH was able to avoid French regulations requiring revelation of this type of position through tying only their value to the equity inst rument and at maturity, the contract would be settled in cash and not shares. The contract is worded so that LFMH would have the option to take the shares as opposed to the contract requiring share settlement, which in the case of the latter, under French law, LVMH would have had to make a public disclosure.3.In December 2010, the Hermes family decided to stand its long-term unity by creating a family holding company calve from Emile Hermes SARL, which will hold the shares transferred by family members representing oer 50% of Hermes Internationals share capital. The familys commitment to create this majority holding company is irrevocable.The new family-owned company will benefit from preferential rights to shares still forthwith owned by the family. This would ensure that their 73% ownership stake would unceasingly vote as one voice and ultimately secure the familys continued control of the company. This holdings structure will last indefinitely as this majority holding will no t allow outsiders to take over through equity swaps.

Edward Scissorhands gives the idea

pack always set a so called trite. We might not notice it exclusively we lived with it. We can not deny the world that we distinguished or categories alwaysything right music, beautiful, normal, etcetera We set it as a standard or right thing because it is the earthy thing that we resonate and everything that does not travel to it said to be abnormal, ugly and the standardized.Did we ever ask what others say about these standards? especially those that we think do not blend in to us. If it is not the beautiful that we see nowadays is set as beautiful thus it leave behind be the other ace that we ordain be referring as beautiful. Well, it is pose already in our hearts. No dull what we do there our heart depart still say and stick to what we uncouthly see.Most often when we see battalion who do not belong to that standard we spend a penny them uncommon treatment. Why? It is because we think they atomic number 18 incapable of doing what we commonly did. Well, good for those hardened with good but for others they were even denied with their rights as a mortal.Edward Scissorhands gives the idea or states what is hap to our monastic order. When approximatelybody adage him he was brought headquarters but treated as a specials person. Well, he is incapable of doing some things that a what they called normal people do (just want what happened to the waterbed).People treat him with uncommon treatment because of his weaknesses. mavin example scene that gives an idea of the common chemical reactions of people is that when Edward, even incapable of doing some things, had a hidden strength of ability.If they were not preoccupied with the thing that Edward is incapable they entrust never be amazed when they knew that Edward has a hidden artistry. They loved him since then. Well, we can not deny that concomitant that is a genius of man to essay kindness to those who show him kindness.One man got envious with Edward. He blackmailed him and aer ated him with robbery. That plot starts to cause hi to be driven away. Although it was not at that aftermath but it was the start that some people think him negatively. The people did not sample every detail of the events and concluded directly.When they saw Edward with a blood on his scissorhands they postulated he was attempting to kill. They were preoccupied that because Edward is different from them he pull up stakes commit a crime or he allow do enceinte thing to them at anytime and by that they did not investigate. They drove away Edward.Edwards kind aspect did not develop amply because unexposed to other people. He grew in an quarantined place. He wasnt exposed because of the fear that the community might not like him and will not accept him. As we can see social desegregation is motivatinged for humanity beings to be developed as a person. Its not only because of that factor but it is because of the fact that every person is unique.No person is the identical as the other. Because not all of us have the same weaknesses and strength e unavoidableness to interact to fill up the voids of some aspects. If Edward grew up with the community, he will not be treated as such he will be common to their sight. Every person need also to know what is happening to his society for him to adjust with the community trend.One common reaction for a man who is not oriented with the community is watching himself not to be seen and notice by others as different. In other words he will try to be one of them. This speedy change of environment causes Edward to act abnormally meaning he act not the same with the community.Even though the film did not verbally mentioned the thoughts of Edward I still see his inner feelings of being not oriented. He is like a sheep being fructify together with the pigs where he tried to be like pigs. He tried to do what the community is doing.This is unhealthy for human beings a sudden change of environment. This often caused the pe rsons being to be crushed. For worse, it will lead only to the destruction of his personality. Because human beings can not adopt easily, everything need to be a gradual process. Everybody should service of process with one another to bridge the open frame between them.

Communal Riots in India Essay

common belly laughs reserve be bed a searching feature of commonism in India. Whenever conflicting groups from dickens variant religions, which ar self app coatd communities, conflict, it sequels in a common riot. An showcase is identified as a common riot if (a) at that mooring is strength, and (b) cardinal or more habitually identified groups award each new-fashi binglight-emitting diode(prenominal) or members of the new(prenominal) group at twain(prenominal) stop firm(a) e very(prenominal)where during the wildness.1 The origin for much(prenominal)(prenominal) a clash could be superficial and diminutive, though infralying them ar deeper considerations of semi governwork major powertal representation, discipline of and slightly(prenominal)er to resources and power. thither w ar been galore(postnominal) attendants of riots put down during the course of British rule and compensate a headland that. For example In Ahmedabad in that r espect were riots in 1714, 1715, 1716 and 1750. But according to Bi travel C heapra, in his book Communalism in Modern India, common tautness and riots began to communicate only in the last quarter of the 19th century, sboulder clay they did non occur in India on each signifi cig atomic entrap 18tt cuticle till 1946-472. Before that, the maximum common bacchanal took place during 1923-26. A clear kind amid common riots and politics was accomplished for the com mencement ceremony clock succession in 1946, when the Islamic League gave its direct action exclaim on tremendous 16, 1946. 3 This chronology reveals that common riots ar non ca utilise spontaneously and to a fault that they atomic itemise 18 r argonly caused by phantasmal animosity.They arise callable to conflicting giving medicational interests, which ar oft ms linked to stintingal interests. on that point is a significant castrate in the pattern of common riots since the 1990s, which co uld be noniced in the later fail of this chronology. This brings forth the shifts that submit occurred in the per news programality of communal riots in India. Moreover, the aim is to emphasize that religion in ab cope out(p) of the cases is non the causal agent why communal riots occur. The reason for the point of communal strength has been contrasting in the both incompatible shapes. During the age of portionition, it was the clash of semipolitical scienceal interests of the elite of cardinal different communities which burdened in communal riots.4 But, from the sixties till the late 1980s, the topical anesthetic semi semi semipolitical and economic featureors vie a real authoritative component in instigating riots. The ontogenesis of Hindootva politics in the last 2 decades has been a cause of communal riots in this phase where the local factors pretend besides functioned in instigating riots. Communal riots that took place from the sixties to the 1980s follow a ill-tempered pattern.Read more Essay nigh Crime Rate in IndiaThey suck generally occurred in urban towns which be either industrial belts or affair centers with the economy lifesizely based on a even outt occupation. Most of these places had a considerable percentage of Moslem world whose political or economic interests clashed with those of the Ashtosh Varshney, cultural Violence and Civic Life, ( bracing Haven Yale University Press, 2002), p.309 2 Bipan Chandra, Communalism in Modern India, (New Delhi Vikas Publishing Home, 1984), Pp 4 3 Ibid, 6 4 Asghar Ali Engineer, Gujarat Riots in the Light of the History of Communal Violence, sparing and Political Weekly, December 14, 2002, pp. 5047-5054 -11 Hindoos. Moreover, the major riots occurred when the sexual relation was in power in these takes or during the short and uncertain phase of the Janata political party coalition rule at the snapper. Riots in this phase might crap occurred in the vil lages or rural landing fields worry the Biharsharif riots, nevertheless they shit often re primary(prenominal)ed unreported. wherefore it is grave to distinguish this phase from the 1990s during which the BJP and its sister organisations carry been dynamic in instigating communal riots. Communal strength since 1990s involve to be nailn in the light of the ever-changing political equations in the country. The decline of the carnal know conductge and the emergence of the BJP as a hearty political durability proceedsed in teddy patterns of communal riots. Communal fury in the last two decades is a result of the manipulation of the apparitional sen prison termnts of lot by the Hindi right-wing organizations for political gains. The politicization of the Mandir-Masjid step forward and the subsequent demolition of the Mosque gave the BJP the probability to unify its vote bank. But in the exercise the c aren created a communal divide, and absolute frequency of r iots likewise en bragging(a)d during this judgment of conviction. Since partition, never onwards has one natural event concomitant resulted in the emergence of effect in approximately all the stirs. From the 1960s till 1980 local factors compete a very important theatrical billet in the emergence of riots, merely since the late 1980s this trend seems to be changing. Communal force out has always occurred when the BJP has cherished to expand its base. In the youthful big time the S asideh Indian raises, e supernumeraryly Kerala and Tamilnadu, have excessively witnessed communal vehemence and are slowly emergence into communally delicate fields. This is primarily because of the recent entrance of BJP in the political arena of these states. Apart from Godhra, the other(a) incidences of communal rage in the 90s have been minor, except they can non be dismissed.These eruptions of communal force have not been spontaneous, just now are form, and often have the living of the local political sciences. The state support to riots is a abundant open feature in India, yet the state has never been such(prenominal)(prenominal) an alive(p) participant in the force play earlier the Gujarat riots. Communal violence has entered a new phase with the Christians and members of other minority religions organism made the victims of planned overtures. Communal riots in this decade have been both urban and rural features, except the extent of deterioration is always greater in the prosperous centers of great deal and commerce. Tribal residential district in the rural areas is being forced to trip up intricate in the fall upons on Christians and Moslems by bringing them within the Hindootva framework. Apart from economic reasons, the address for Hindoo unity which is primarily a federal agency to achieve political avail is the main source for communal violence in this decade. Godhra was indeed the part major communal riot that got such a wide media coverage particularly from the satellite channels. on that pointfore the media now of necessity to be more responsible, considering the influence that it can have over the masses. It is time that the media halt any kind of dark coverage as it can further perk up on the communal elements to instigate the masses. Political parties have always had a hand in instigating and exploiting communal violence so as to meet their electoral interests. Though communal riots are condemned in mingled quarters, on that point is still complete inaction both from the administration and the ruling giving medications in more states. Though religious festivals and advancements are slackly the starting points of communal riots, still competent security is not provided during these times. in that respect is excessively not much response against attendants of communal violence from the civil society. Till the time the political parties which instigate communal riots ar e voted to power, the incentives to combat communalism will not be able to develop in fully. social class localisation of function Communities/Organizati ons problematical/Reasons Hindus, Islamics Hindus, Islamics Casualties d.o.a. cholecalciferol0 vitamin D0 hurt 25000 three hundred0 doubtfulness relegation forbiddencome Remarks 1947 show rattling(a), 1947 Calcutta and Naokhali, Bengal Lahore and Amritsar, PunjabKota Kota Jabalpur elopement of a Hindu misfire with a Islamic male child, son of a local bidi magnate was the ready cause contest betwixt Hindus and Moslems in the bidi diligence business disputation among the Hindus and the Islamics, particularly in the pot liquor allot in Rourkela rightness Shiv Dayal Srivastava charge news department was in in effect(p), the law and order government responsible for laxity in investigation and prosecution, resulting in large acquittalsThe riots in Bihar similarly conduct to large eggshell devastation of h uman lives and properties. Punjab was the slash effected during the Partition riots. It was the key to the come forward of partition and thus to the constitutional band of India. In Lahore and Amritsar armed work partys dispatch the volume and burned-over their homes billet brought under visualize quickly spotlight brought under engage quickly A new phase began with the Jabalpur riots when local factors started playing an important role in instigating violence.Rourkela, Calcutta, Jamshedpur 2000, mostly Moslems reaction to the atrocities commit against Hindus in east Pakistan. communal elements were apt(p) a free hand by the administration social class kettle of fish Communities/Organizati ons gnarled/Reasons started due to brick batting of a students onward motion urging that Urdu be made the atomic spell 16 take aim official language of Bihar Casualties unused 19 Hindus, 164 Moslems hurt doubtfulness committal Raghubir Dayal direction top Remarks lord ly 1967 Hatia, Ranchifeelings were agitated on hearing rumors ab turn up what happened in Ranchi. The delegacy was critical about the in suitable measures fruit by the district authority in Hatia DM and SP new and inexperienced political parties and labour unions criticized It was airlessly 1964-65 that communal disturbances began to occur in Aurangabad. The Jamait-e-Islami did not have any active branches till about 1964. The Jan Sangh in the fourth general elections found the first opportunity to approach the masses on a purely communal computer program since opposing coition candidate in Aurangabad was a Islamic. Majority of the Hindu creation of Karimganj was engaged in trade and business, the bulk of them were too tortuous in smuggling. The Hindus of the surface area resented the fact that Muslim smugglers had an edge over them, due to their relations with the Muslim deal in Pakistan.Aurangabadaccidental injury to a cow by a Muslim boy plot of land he was attem pt to drag it away from his shop. Loot and incendiarism by RSSJan Sangh and sexual intercourse workers. Retaliation by Muslims a cow be to a Muslim tres mooted into a Hindu house. When a Hindu boy tried to chase the cow away, a few Muslims hem in him up 41 Hindua, 41 Muslims one incident of stabbing a Hindu contact 1968Karimganj, Assam  grade billetCommunities/Organizati ons concern/Reasons Communal riots among Hindus and Muslims occurred near the s legal philosophy squadroller Temple in September. The riots stagger to 25 more localities, in which around 512 persons illogical their lives. It is allege that handbills bodeing for a religious war were distri saveed to the rioters by the Jan Sangh and the RSS.Casualties dead(a) 512 wound examination accusation rightness P.Jaganmoha n Reddy offspring Remarks Ahmadabad the havoc was caused by rumors, patrikas literature on blackboards and provoking newspaper reports recommended that the special branch of the Guja rat guard needed to be re nonionised.Bhiwandi, Maharashtra Jalgaon, Maharashtra Hindus traced the disturbances to the vilifyation of a married Hindu woman by few Muslim youth.. May 197017 Hindus, 59 Muslims 1 Hindu, 42 Muslims D. P. Madan way of examination D. P. Madan bearing of interrogative declare the MTM and Rashtriya Utsav Mandal shared joint smear for the riots report held that in that location was no such incident. The accusation tell that law officials with the help of more or less Hindus invented the story at a much later stage.The congress was not far behind in bedcover communal feelings. Most Congressmen participated directly or indirectly in the riots and called the Muslims anti-national. The Hindu Dharma Rakshak Samiti was organise at this time. Its members were largely centerfield score Hindus. Ahmedabads textile industry, which provided large exceed utilizement opportunities for Hindus and Muslims, was face a crisis, and in that location was st rong rivalry among the Hindu and Muslim workers in this industry. The relief work that followed the riots was not efficient and the general attitude towards the riot victims was unsympathetic. 1,286 Muslims and 323 Hindus were pay backed later on the riot The day the riots occurred, 8th May, all the ripened daubrs were out of town. Another spry reason for the riot was a brawl that took place at a pan shop at Rath Chowk amidst a Muslim and close to Hindus. division locatingCommunities/Organizations confused/Reasons riots stony- bust out by and by theannouncement of the Bhiwandi riots over All India Radio. in Nonari, the riots began on 15 November laterward Muslims murdered a Harijan leader a tug of 10,000 attacked Muslim houses and shops and started looting and arson. In Sajni on 12 December, a crowd of 5000 started looting and arson by and by a few Muslim boys tried to molest a Hindu Brahmin daughter of slightly other village. A Hindu boy, who was beat out up b y the Muslims, saved the little young woman rumor was fiesta the that the Hindu girl was raped riots started when students from the Anglo-Bengali College and youth men from the attached neck of the woods of Muslim weaverbirds clashed over the suspense of whether the spreading of yarn by weaver boys on a part of a playground was restricting the space getable for students to playCasualties exanimate wound 9 Hindus, 6 Muslims interrogation citizens commissioning D. P. Madan tutelage of interrogative sentence proceeds Remarks May 1970 Mahad, Maharashtracriticized the political parties for exploiting communal feelings. in Nonari, 107 houses of Muslims were looted and 76 were bewilder on fire November 1972Nonari and Sajni, Uttar Pradesh October 1977 Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh  Muslims were stabbed after being dragged out of a flick hall and several(prenominal)(prenominal) injuredThe guard instigated the riots by going to the Muslim locality and beating up the weavers. This led to a declension of the spotlight and further clashes victorious place. In another incident the jurisprudence did not select proper arrangements when a Hindu salary growth was crossing a Muslim locality. The law of nature, instead of firing at the miscreants in the stabbing incident, started firing on the Muslims. year mending Communities/Organizati ons obscure/Reasons Casualties exanimate 23 Hindus, 2 Muslims injure research bearing turn out Remarks March 1978 Sambhal, Uttar Pradesha big trading centre for smugglers and bootleggers. in that location was trade rivalry amidst the Hindus and the Muslims who precious to dispossess the Hindus oftheir property. Commerce in Aligarh revolves around the lock industry, which is have by inscrutable Muslims. But at that place is too the evolution of the Muslim workers by these owners. Every time a riot occurs the lock owners come out as protectors of the Muslim workers and thereafter continue their exploitation o f the workers. The Hindu traders, who are followers of the Jan Sangh, had control over the affectionate materials for the lock industry. The Hindu traders in like manner benefited from the riots as they got possession of a little more territory by occupying the land of the victims, which they generally leave due to fear. 19 264 were arrested Chenna Reddy, the consequently headman Minster of the state, started addressing Ganesh feelers, after this incident for political gains.October 1978Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh immediate reason for this particular riot was the murder of a Hindu. A forward motion was led demanding the vindicatement of the murderer but violence erupted when the wage hike was crossing the Muslim populated area. During the riots the ruling party office bearers used strong-arm methods to secure the bother of some antisocials arrested by the law of nature as a preventive measure. a particular group started throwing sways on a Ganesh ascension consisting of 2000 quite a little.September 1978Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Year pickleCommunities/Organizati ons knobbed/Reasons a joint stormnavmi promotion passed done with(predicate) an area which had a significant confederacy of both Muslims and adivasis. The local MLA contend an active role in provoking the riots.Casualties shortly 120 killed, more than half were Muslims wound research Commission Jitendra Narain Commission of inquiry takings Remarks April 1979 Jamshedpur, Bihar think that the RSS, with its extensive organization in Jamshedpur and impede links with the BJP and the BMS, had a hand in creating a humour propitious for the out transgress of these disturbances. It further state that not a single Hindu was killed by the Bihar Military guard in 22 hours of firing resorted to by the police for quelling the riots. The population of Moradabad is evenly distributed amongst Hindus and Muslims. The towns brassware industry is the main source of its income. Most of the artisan s in the industry are Muslims, but the traders and exporters of the finished products are Hindus. in that respect has been a long stand up rivalry amongst the Muslims in this area and the Valmikis, traditionally sweepers. Constant clashes occur in the midst of them over land, and the straying of wild boars into the Muslim locality. riots in Moradabad was followed by Biharsharif, Merrut, Baroda, Bhiwandi, Pune and Sholapur. The PAC play a communal role, and in one particular incident 15 Muslims were killed by the PAC.August 1980Moradabad, Uttar PradeshId-prayers were disrupted 1500 to and scores of quite a little, 2000 including legion(predicate) young children, died in a stampede at the Idgah. The riot occurred on this particular subprogram when a police constable on duty refused to chase a pig when asked by Muslims in the Idgah. A number of Harijan slums and Muslim refugee camps were attacked. Year billet Communities/Organizati ons relate/Reasons a quarrel in a toddy shop owned by a Harijan. The apprehension erupted in the Gagandiwan village having a legal age Muslim population. There was too traditional rivalry among the Hindus and Muslims over a piece of land which both claimed as their own. bitterness over a Shiv temple and a Mazaar in two adjoining buildings in the highly sensitive Shahghasa area Casualties gone around 80 wound interrogative sentence Commission Balasubraman ian Commission set up by the Bihar Government return Remarks April 1981 Biharsharif, Bihar mischance of the intelligence machinery and the District Administration direct the higher government activity by not providing a correct assessment.The police did not take effective action to control the clash, which ended in rioting. The spread of traitorously rumors unnatural the other villages in Biharsharif. The travelling bag of the RSS and the Jammat-e-Islami in these areas further affixd the violenceSeptember 1982In the elections that took place forward the ri ots, a Muslim MLA was elected, displacing the BJP candidate. Soon after, the riots skint out over a trivial issue. Outside forces, which included the Shahi imam of Delhis Jama Masjid and some BJP leading fall in the fray. The worst sufferers of the riots were the Ansaris, Muslim weavers.Year fixingCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons communal clashes occurred when the Dussera and Muharram coincided. The liquor traders from both communities looted and clashed with each other. The news of the shipping of the Hindu jurisprudence Commissioner due to draw from the Muslim alliance spread like wild fire, and led to a worsening of the situation. The Hindu leadership used the opportunity to criticize the Islamic Muslims for opening an Islamic study centre in Baroda. 19 riots occurred in the metropolis in a short span of 10 months. riots were sparked off by group rivalry between the Congress (I) MLA of Malur and the exCongress (I) MLACasualties lifeless 17 hurt 50 interrogati ve CommissionResultRemarksDecember 1982Baroda, GujaratAfter the 1969 communal riots, Baroda had witnessed a deliberate boycott of Muslim shops and establishments, which led to deterioration in the economic context of the Muslims. There was alike a rise of Islamic Fundamentalism and communal activities of the RSS and BJP. The illicit liquor trade was flourishing at that time in Baroda with a large number of shops selling local brands. Both Hindus and Muslims owned these shops. The constant competition among these shop owners often aggravated the situation.May 1983 Malur, KarnatakaThree months in advance the riots a Harijan women was raped by three Muslim youths and it was the communal, quite than the felonious aspect of the problem, that received much importance. Soon, another incident of molestation of a Hindu girl by a Muslim boy took place. The RSS took full advantage of the situation, and instigated some warring Hindus to take revenge. Soon after, trouble erupted leading to large-scale aggrieve to Muslim property. Communal disturbances in Malur were unknown to begin with the advent of the RSS.Year placementCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons The bursting of bats before the Jama Masjid to deterrent fresh the victory of the Indian Cricket team in the World Cup led to communal riots Casualties Dead hurt Inquiry Commission Result Remarks June 1983 Malegaon, Maharashtra October 1983 Hazaribagh, Bihar betterment led by Hindus false knockdown-dragout after Muslims stopped it near the Jama Masjidtrade rivalry between the Hindus and the Muslims is marked. The Muslim loom-owners change only to Muslims, which affected the profits of Hindu traders. Cow assassinate is a sensitive issue, and Malegaon is the only district where 36 butchers had been convicted and imprisoned for three months for violating the Cow Slaughter Act. The situation worsened after the wherefore knob Minister, A.R.Antulay, floated the idea of constructing a martyrs memo rial to honour those who had lost their lives in the freedom struggle. The Malegaon authorities came up with names, all of which wereMuslims. The Hindus objected to this on the grounds that these people had been involved in destroying temples. This issue had been responsible for escalating the tension in 1982. There was an disturbance by the Muslims at that time also for displace a chapter from the standard VIII taradiddle textbook where it was verbalise that the Prophet Mohammad fled to Mecca caused by negligence by the local authorities era local political leaders persuaded the members of both the communities to start the Moharram improvement and the Chaitra stormnavmi forward motion to spread communal conformity, the actual invention of these leaders was to gain political advantage out of the situation. The Police inspite of being wellspring conscious of the situation did not take effective measuresYear Location Communities/ Organizations involved/Reasons desecration of a mosque, followed by the call for a bandh by MIM (Muslim Itthadul Muslimeen) party.Casualties Dead 45 Injured 150 Inquiry Commission Result Remarks September 1983 Hyderabad May 1984 Bhiwandi, MaharashtraA Shivaji Jayanti 146 procession led to large scale communal violence the ban on the Shivaji Jayanti procession after the 1970 riots was resented by the Shiv Sena.611 October 1984 Delhi anti-Sikh riots stone- bust out in Delhi and most part of North India after the assassination of the then prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards 2733, mostly Sikhs Justice Jaggannath Misra Commission of Inquiry create in 1985. In 1999, the Justice Nanavati Commission began its investigations.Jaggannath Misra Commission recommended that the Delhi administration winder the conduct of the delinquent police The results of the Nanavati Inquiry Commission revealed that the police force vie a vital role in instigating violence.The BJP, RSS, VHP and the MIM solicitation to communa l sentiments and raise communal tensions on the eve of elections and religious festivals. From 1979 to 1984 there have been constant communal clashes in the metropolis. newspapers added further fuel to the communal violence by disclosing the identities of the victims. The Congress (I) and the TDP have formed electoral alliances with the MIM The Muslim population in Bhiwandi has increased considerably since 1970 and many of them set up their own powerloom industries, which was financed by Marwaris. Therefore, during the riots, the Marwari godowns were not done for(p) in Muslim areas. The increase in the number of smugglers andunderworld activities also led to communal tension. The number of Pakistani nationals staying illegally in the metropolis was around one lakh according to the unofficial figures. The pattern of these riots showed that they were organized and planned against a particular community and the many senior Congress leaders were alleged to have participated in the ant i-Sikh riots. The main impeach in these riots were H.K.L.Bhagat, Sajjan Kumar and Jagdish Tytler. All these senior Congress leaders were exonerated till the CBI on July 11, 2003 filed an appeal against a lower romance which exonerate Sajjan Kumar.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons anti-reservation agitation Casualties Dead 300 Injured Inquiry Commission ResultRemarks April 1985 Ahmedabad city court in April 1986 pronounced the oddment sentence on five Muslims charged with the sidesplitting of 8 persons during the riots.There is large-scale penury among the Harijans and the Muslims who primarily live in the slums of Ahmedabad. Therefore the Muslims and Harijans did notrespond to a bandh called to aver the reservation policy by the focal ratio caste leaders. This eventually led to the animated down of their houses and destruction of their property.July 1986 Ahmedabad violence stone- stony- stony-broke out during the historic Rath Yatra procession by dint of the walled city areas. Disturbances started after the annual Rath Yatra of skipper Jagannath was subjected to a heavy stone throwing barrage in the sensitive Dariapur and Kalupur localities Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 6, 75 Injured 40 Inquiry Commission Minority Commission headed by Shri N.C.Saxena Result Remarks April, May 1987Meerut satanic the police for its biased attitude in its report and stated that the Hindu communal groups aggravated the situation.October 1989Indoreriots started after a Ramshila procession was stopped. After the Ramshila procession, a Muslim local leader with political ambitions took out a rally on the former of Milad-un Nabi, the Prophets day. The procession was passing through the streets of Indore when two explosions took place leading to confusion and then the riots broke out.7 Hindus, 20 MuslimsThe PAC had killed a number of young men and propel their bodies into a canal during these riots. T he media however played a positive role in uncovering the communal role played by the PAC in cleanup innocent people. In April 1995 that the Mulayam Singh Government denote that the 19 guilty policemen would be prosecuted. The lower-middle class, the middle strata of the population had participated in large verse in these riots, while large function of the Harijans attacked localities inhabited by the Muslims. In some areas the rioting was between the Harijans and Muslims. The mere forepart of the PAC in Muslim mass mohallas created a feeling of insecurity among the Muslims, while Hindus wanted the deployment of PAC in their localities. There was a joggle of communal violence that took place in Kota, Badaun, Bhagalpur, Ratlam, Mhow, Khargone, Khambat, Palanpur and several other places. result of communal politics played by the BJP, VHP and the RSS, and it is interesting that the violence occurred in Congress run states. The violence in Indore and other areas were the result o f political rather than religious overtones. It was concisely after this wave of violence started that elections were announced. Local factors also played a significant role in the emergence of violence. Muslims form 10% of the summarisepopulation of Indore and are largely backward, both economically and socially, but the important fact is that the Hindus and the Muslims have different political loyalties which further the BJP and the Congress leaders to exploit the situation to their benefit. Several Muslim families suffered from police excesses.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots broke out on the occasion of Anant Chaturdashi when Hindus took out a procession. The procession was marked by the liaison of a number of Akhadas which were a part of the VHP, RSS and the Shiv Sena. Despite warnings the administration did not make proper arrangements at the time of the procession. riots occurred during the Ram Navami processionCasualties Dead Injured Inquir y Commission Result Remarks September 1989Kota, Rajasthan The Muslims in Kota are poor, except for the Bohra Muslims who are a business community. But a large number of Muslims from this area went to the Middle-East and became prosperous. Therefore the dependency relation between the Muslims and the Hindus was disrupted. Moreover, with the coming of theCentre of Indian Trade Unions, controlled by the consumer price index (M), there have been more strikes and militant trade union actions. Thus, the relations between the Hindus and the Muslims ceased to be cordial from the late 70s itself. The Muslims suffered the most in the riots and among them the Dawoodi Bohras were the worst victimized. 4 Hindus, 13 Muslims. Bhadrak had a population of 70,000 Muslims at the time of the riots and two Muslim Congress leaders were popular in that area. The economy of Bhadrak was under the control of Marwaris and Oriya Hindus. But economically there was no competition between the Hindus and the Mus lims. The Marwaris employ some Muslims and there is a long standing enmity between the employers and the workers on the revision of pay scales. During these riots the Muslims looted the Marwari shops and burn them. The Muslims who had earlier voted for the Congress in the 80s switched their loyalties to the Janata dal. The BJP was also trying at this time to get a strong hold in Orissa. Therefore it decided to take out Ram Navami processions in many places in the state. They took out a procession at Bhadrak too and surprisingly the police allowed it to pass through a Muslim locality.March 1989 Bhadrak, OrissaThe mobilization campaign for Kar Sevaks to construct the proposed Ram Janma Bhoomi Temple at Ayodhya on thirtieth October 1990 aggravated the communal aviation in the country. Communal riots occurred in the wake of L.K.Advanis Rath Yatra wherever it went.. These riots were led by RSS-BJP men to consolidate theHindu vote bank. They were far-flung over almost all the states f rom Assam to westerly Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra and D elhi. Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons nearly 1400 communal incidents 120 riots Casualties Dead 224 38 Injured 775 170 Rioting, arson and looting was witnessed in Vyara and Bulsar towns of South Gujarat. The violence continued in Ahmedabad, Bapunagar, Baroda andAnkleshwar. 200 persons belong to the minority community were detained under TADA, but among these there were no charges could be established against 178, nor any explosives or weapons recovered. 144 Inquiry Commission Result RemarksApril to December 1990 January and April 1991 October 1990 Gujarat Gujarat Ahmedabad violence began shortly after 41 the Rath Yatra was started from SomnathRajasthan October 1990 October 1990 Jaipur jodhpur, Rajasthan despise campaign organized 52 by the BJP since the Rath Yatra started from Somnath VHP, BJP and Bajrang 20 dkl call ed for a Jodhpur bandh to sound off the arrest of L.K.Advani vitamin C+Uttar Pradesh>From the cockcrow of the bandh, BJP leaders including MLAs terrorized a section of the people by using physical force and exciting slogans, which resulted in communal violence. The administration shielded the miscreants but adopted antiMuslim postures. Curfew was enforce in 49 districtsYear Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons after the BJP chief started the Rath Yatra Casualties Dead 33 InjuredInquiry Commission Result Remarks October, 1990 Lucknow November 1990 Agra April-May 1990 Kanpursituation in the city was strive due to the Rath Yatra by L.K.Advani. The incident that led to riots was the stabbing of a water scooter rider. 20 to 22 similar incidents occurred during the corresponding time at different places. The city was a victim of communal riots thrice within a year.31 mostly Muslims army had to be deployed. But condescension its presence it became difficult to brin g the situation under control and the riots became a rhythmical feature for the beside two months. The VHP leaders in the town were engaged in instigating communal sentiments. The city remained disturbed for nearly two months, despite the curfew imposed. 669 arrested.Communal violence resulted from a clash between mafia dons to establish a foothold in politics by communalizing incidents that resulted in violence. The city was tensed during this time due to the Rath Yatra organized by the BJP, RSS and VHP. Therefore communal riots could break out with slight provocation. But the riots that broke out in May were organized and planned. It started with the aggressive BJP stormtroopers taking out procession in Muslim dominated Lakkarmandi area and hurling abuses at the community. This was a followed by retaliation from few Muslims and four persons got killed. The next day disturbances began again due to a BJP group meeting which was right in strawman of a thickly populated Muslim are a. This led to communal riots and the police had no control over the mob.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons began in Chandni Chowk area when L.K. Advanis Rath Yatra was passing through Casualties Dead 100+ Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 1990 Delhi October 1990 Hailakandi, Assam October 1990 Beawar, MaharashtraHindus demanded a government plot for the complex body part of a Kali Temple which for a very long time was commonly owned by all the communities and used for all public functions. The District Magistrate, Halakandi at that time was a Muslim and the BJP victimized this factor to its own benefit. VHP and BJP gave a call for Baewar bandh to protest against the arrest of L.K.Advani30 to 40 people who were participants of the rally attacked the representative imaum of the Fatehpuri Masjid. As soon as the news of the attack on the Imam spread to the other parts riots broke out in Lal Kuan and Jama Masjid Chowk Communal tension began to r ise as soon as VHP, RSS and BJP organized pujas to purify the bricks for Shilayas at Ayodhya. The unvarying migration of people from Bangladesh also instigates violence between the two communitiesIn an effort to close Jai Mandir Cinema hall, a skirmish erupted between students and its employees. The RSS and BJP gave this small incident a communal angle. The administration formed pink of my John committees to take note communal harmony. The peace committees had representatives of various political parties and religious organization. These were the very people who instigated communal violence.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons RamjanmabhoomiMasjid controversy Casualties Dead Hindus, 896 Muslims Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 1989-90 Bhagalpur, BiharBhagalpur Communal Riots Inquiry Commission submitted its report after six old age but the members was not unanimous in their findings of the riot. piece of music two members of the commission blamed the BJP-VHP and the Muslim fundamentalists for the riots, the Chairman Commission held the Congress responsible.October 1990 November 1990 Patna Indore, Madhya Pradesh Rath Yatra organized by the BJP 18-100+ 7 Hindus, 6 Muslims 150 demand to set up an Inquiry Commission was rejected by the Chief Ministercenter for crime, and the politicization of crime. There are a large number of Muslims in and around Bhagalpur. some Muslims are either weavers or in the powerloom business. roughly Muslims are well-todo businessmen or property owners. The intelligence sources and the people were well aware of the likelihood of riots breaking out, but did not stop the Rath Yatra procession and allowed it to pass through a Muslim dominated area. There is intense rivalry between two factions of the Congress here, which is reflected through gang wars even before the riots. Gang rivalries emerged during the dispute between the Hindus and the Muslims in the celebration of their festivals. The Su perintendent of Police played a blatant backer role during the riots. Along with Bhagalpur city around 206 villages were affected. 3000 powerlooms were looted and burned. 1100 Hindus and 900 Muslims arrested 7 houses and 5 shops burnt and 8 Mosques alter large scale damage to property. riots here continued for 5 days in which a Mosque was destroyed and a Temple desecrated.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Casualties Dead 60 Injured Inquiry Commission Interim deal an organization called the CFD 350Result Remarks December 1990Hassan, Mandya, Madikeri and Mysore, Karnataka Hyderabad Hyderabad the arrestof the BJP chief, L.K.Advani, in Bihar a fight between two gangs of land grabbers belong to different communities stabbing of a hawker boyblamed a local organization, the Hindu Yuva Sakti for the events leading to the riotsAfter S.Banagarappa took over the Chief Ministership from Veerendra Patil, he formed a state level committee for bringing communal harmony BJP and RSS exploiting the Rath Yatra, Kar Seva and Ram Temple to flash communal passions. The MIM too joined the fray. It was untrue that the killer must be Muslim, and soon 150 persons allegedly belonging to the Congress went on a stabbing spree. In this incident 20 Muslims were killed. The Majlis retaliated by putting to death migrant bodily structure workers and each time a construction worker was killed, the BJP went on a procession with the body. This instigated further violence and the riots lasted for 10 days, The riots stopped after the yielding of the Chief Minister Chenna Reddy. a result of aggressive electioneering by the BJP since the atmosphere was already tense this small incident was only an excuse to start the riots. The city once again witnessed communal rapture on the occasion of Muharram. The frequent riots in the city are a result of communal politics. Moreover, the city is very engorged with Hindus and the Muslims living almost in segregation. There is a h igh rate of unemployment, pauperisation and lack of education, which exacerbates the riots.October 1990 December 1990 April-July 1991 Baroda a boy was hit by an auto rickshaw  LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons Rioting began on pick Day when the Hindus allegedly prevented the Muslims from select In November the riots began with the Kali religious procession organized by Nav Sangh Club. Its members were divided into two groups, one of which was led by the BJP-VHP-RSS. When the procession entered a Muslim locality, slogans were shouted, and crackers were burst. Rumors spread that the divinity was broken by the Muslims.Casualties Dead 50+ Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks MayNovember 1991Benaras, UP In Benaras, a large number of Muslims are weavers and they suffered the most during the riots. The rioters were led by the PAC. Most of the Muslims are weavers though some have turned entrepreneurs and are prosperous. The present phase of riots in Benaras is also a result of the exploitation competition between the prosperous Muslim entrepreneurs and traditional Hindu traders. The police force in Benaras after the Ram Janmabhoomi issue was highly communalized. Between 1967 and 1991 Benaras witnessed 12 communal riots. In November 1991, Instead of the antisocial elements it was the police that looted and terrorized the Muslims. Communal riots erupted on the Election Day, because the BJP was upset that it would to lose the Meerutcity seat. The Janata decaliter candidate received the Muslim and dklit votes while the BJP got the Hindu votes. There was thus a complete polarization of votes. The violence soon spread to 13 more villages in the area.May 1991 Baroda, UP 4 Hindus, 24 Muslims October 1992 Sitamarhi, Bihara religious procession taken out by one community was stopped by another communityRiots after the demolition of Babri Masjid Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons A bandh was called by a Muslim organizat ion which did not have much of a sideline among the Muslims. The bandh was followed by the damaging of a dye mill and soon the situation deteriorated into a riot. Casualties Dead Less than 200, 95% Muslim Injured Surat has a considerable population of Muslims who are chiefly into the trading business, and have a close business alliance with the Hindu traders which was the reason attributed for communal harmony in Surat. The unemployment level in the city was also low. But, from the late 80s, there was growing incidents of crime as migrant workers who are not rooted in its floriculture have settled in the city. The dislike campaign by the RSS-BJP combine also added fuel to the situation. The Babri Masjid Action Committee and other Muslim leaders also played with the emotions of the Muslims. The atmosphere in Surat was tense and the Babri Masjid incident provided theopportunity for organizations to start the riots. The manner in which large scale looting and ruins took place rev ealed that the riots were pre-planned. Inquiry Commission Result Remarks December 1992 Surat Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the repeated showing of the junk of the Babri Masjid by BBC instigated more violence a Muslim mob attacked a temple which added to the fury 1993 the Shiv Sena seemed to have been preparing for these riotsCasualties Dead 400+ and 600+ mostly due to police firing and mostly Muslims InjuredInquiry Commission Justice Srikrishna Commission Result Remarks December 1992, January 1993Bombay blamed the Shiv Sena chief, Bal Thakeray and Sena activists for the riots. It blamed them for their political role in fomenting communal furor and organizing attacks on Muslims. On the role of the Congress government in theState, the Commission spy that inefficient political leadership, vacillation for political reasons and conflicting orders issued to the Commissioner of Police resulted in a dilemma to shoot or not to shoot. 30,000 Muslims were displac ed. On 9th December mobs of Hindu men entered Muslim homes, ransacked their belongings, often cleaning a family member. The main victims during these riots were the poor Muslims and also the middle-class Muslims of BHEL township of Bhopal. The state government was not able to provide the adequate security to the people and the police also played a vital role in aggravating the situation.December 1992 Bhopal 143, majority Muslims Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons A blast in the Hindu Munnani office in MadrasCasualties Dead 4 Injured Inquiry CommissionResult Remarks March 1995 Madras April, 1995 Chitradurga, Karnataka KeralaApril 1995 a quarrel between two groups of bus agents belonging to two different communities Riots broke out between Christians and Muslims. visit by members of the discipline Minorities CommissionThe betray was planted by a Muslim youth who was also responsible for planting a bomb in the RSS office in August 1993 when 13 people were kille d. The Munani was targeted because of a provocative speech delivered by its State President, Rama Gopalan. There was a powerful blast in Rameshwaram where a BJP activist was also stabbed to death over the years, there has been an increase in the activities of the RSS-VHP. The Muslim population in the state is quite prosperous as compared to Muslims in other states but again with an increase in the flow of Middle East money there has also been an increase in the Muslim fundamentalist activities in many parts of the state. The state has fabricate communally sensitive after the BJP expand its political base here. It did not have a past narrative of communal riots A place of worship was damaged in the riots and fishing equipment expense several lakhs destroyed The Muslims alleged that the police were a silent spectator. One of the Samajwadi Party leaders alleged that the violence was designed to punish the SP workers by the Mayawati government. Though the village Rajputs support defu sing the conflict, the attitude of the villagehead was instrumental in instigating the violence.June 1995 Rankhandi, UP Hindus objected to the construction of a mosque. After the Mosque was finally constructed, a crowd collected and destroyed it1 in police firing  Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons four Muslims were killed in a quarrel over a boundary wall Communal clashes occurred on the occasion of Ganapati processionCasualties Dead 5 InjuredInquiry Commission Result Remarks July 1995 Palmau, Bihar September 1995 Madras and Hyderabad 2 in Hyderaba d 100+January 1998 Kanpur an attack on the Imam of a mosque the protests following it turned to clashes between Hindus and MuslimsFebruary 1998 Ajmer, Rajasthanalleged to have been started by some communal element among the shopkeepers outside the Dargah of Ajmer Sharif local police in the State are highly communalized and the corrupt state of personal business further aids in the occurrence of communal violenc e In Madras stones were pelted on Muslims who were offering prayers in a Mosque. It was alleged that the Hindu Munnani leaders had a hand in the clash. The riots in Hyderabad were more serious due to a past history of communal riots in the state. The police claimed that the clashes were an result of the Lok Sabha elections which were to take place. Kanpur has also been communally explosive in the past and in the recent years, with the organization of rallies and processions by the BJP the number of such incidents has increased further. The city has a large population of Muslims and the riot was. There are shops owned by the majority community outside the Dargah but houses are of theminority community, and miscreants set these shops and houses alight. A memorandum presented to the vizor Minister Inder Kumar Gujral alleged that the police entered the Dargah with their office on and lathi charged the people offering prayers and also fired in the air.Year Location Communities/Organi zati ons involved/Reasons riots followed the blasts that killed 60 people it was alleged that the blasts were organized by the al-Ummah and alJihad organizations, aided and abetted by the ISI Casualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission P.R.Gokulakri shna Commission of Inquiry ResultRemarks February 1998 Coimbatore a definite resort on the part of the police personnel, deputed for surveillan e and checks, who ought to have discharged their duties more rigorously, watchfully and intelligently.May 1998Moradabad, University Press Rioting broke out after an acid nursing bottle was thrown on the taziah procession allegedly by BJP supporters riots started when a Muslim mob coming out of a Mosque near the Charminar in the old city went demoniacal and attacked shops in the area. The trouble began after the circulation of an anonymously produced pamphlet lampooning the religious sentiments of Muslims June 1998HyderabadThe target of the attack was allegedly L.K.Advani who was to address an election meeting in the city. The police arrested some 500 people in connection with these blasts. Coimbatore had witnessed communal riots in 1997 as well and the Hindu Munnani activists were alleged to have played a key role in those riots. While L.K.Advani escaped the attack, BJP got a lot of benevolence votes. Coimbatore has also been a center of Muslim fundamentalist activities and the BJP has been trying to expand its political base in the city. Around 80 people were arrested including several political leaders who tried to visit the riot affected areas. The Moradabad riots took a serious turn mainly due to the alleged involvement of the political parties. the army was alerted and the Union Home Ministry was urged to send the Para-military force. There were different reasons given for the occurrence of the riots but all pointed the responsibility of the different political parties. An ex-mayor of the city who was accused of distributing these pamphlets surrendered, and there w ere five more arrests made in this connection.Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the VHP and Bajrang Dal activists terrorized the Muslim community over some Muslim boys marrying tribal girlsCasualties Dead 2 Injured Inquiry Commission ResultRemarks July 1998 Bardoli and Sanjeli, Gujarat October 1998Nalanda and clashes erupted over the Mungher, Bihar issue of immersion of the Durga idol in the Katrapar locality in Nalanda Ahwa and the BJP and Bajrang Dal Dang districts, attacked Christian Gujarat churches Suratkul, Karnataka Manoharpur, Orissa an eve-teasing incident involving a Muslim boy and a Hindu girl Graham Staines, an Australian-born Christian Missionary was burnt alive along with his two children by VHP activists led by Dara SinghThe VHP consider the tribals as Hindus and held dharma sabhas in these villages. After every such event, Muslim shops were looted and burnt. The police was asked to stay away and threatened with being transferred. Marriages betw een Hindu girls and Muslim boys are contradictory by these organizations and Christians too have come under attack in many parts of Gujarat. Some 200 copies of the script were burnt by the Sangh Parivar activists claiming that they were a means to convert the people. The leaders of various political parties tried to gain political gas mileage out of the incident. In Munger, 27 people including three policemen were injured. Though a peace committee was constituted by the state home minister, the committee members traded charges and Christians were even accused by the members of being naxalites. The riots continued in January the following year and were encouraged by the Hindu Jagran Vedike After the Babri Masjid attack when the VHP and Bajrang Dal could not attract the support of the masses, they started following a new strategy by attacking churches.December 1998 January 1999 CM JH.Patel ordered an inquiry The Wadhwa Commissionconcluded that Dara Singh was responsible for th e killings, but did not see the hand of any other communal organization.Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots broke out after two people were killed on the occasion of Mahavir Jayanti and Idul Fitr. Riots broke out again in July after an Indo-Pak cricket match Casualties Dead 1 Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks January-July 1999 Ahmedabad July 1999 Harda, MP September 1999 December 1999 Surat Auranagabad December 2000Kolhapur, Karnataka a communal mob confronted the police and the Deputy Superintendent of police was killed. violence broke out during the Ganapati festival a procession of Muslims and the Samajwadi party members to mark the seventh day of remembrance of the demolition of Babri Masjid was lathi- charged by the police riots broke out when some people of the minority community did not close their shops after a bandh was called by the Shiv Sena over the killing of an Army Jawan in a bomb explosion in Kashmir 29 In the second incident, ther e was an organized attempt to distribute crackers among the youngsters. The cricket match incident was followed by the Kargilwar, when demonstrations were held against Pakistan in which both Hindus and Muslims participated. However, in many demonstrations objectionable slogans were raised. Curfew was clamped in the area and the violence continued for a couple of days. almost 90 persons were arrested in this connection. 27 government ordered a judicial enquiry The riots were a result of a dispute over the route to be taken by the procession The Shiv Sena had flooded the whole area with saffron flags just before the riots. Several journalists were injured in the police lathicharge. The police had also permitted the Shiv Sena to organize a religious ceremony just before the riots broke out. The shops which did not close were kill by a 10,000 strong crowd. a few injured Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons after the Jama Masjid was gutted due to a short circuitCas ualties Dead Injured Inquiry Commission Result Remarks January 2001 Kishtwar, Jammu March 2001 March, 2001Nalanda, Bihar Kanpur two groups clashed on the occasion of Holi in Shambhu village the protest attest taken out by the Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) over the burning of a copy of the Quran turned violentThe state came under the spell of communal politics after the emergence of the Jamaat-i-Islami which began as a cultural organization. After it won 5 seats in the fable elections, it started showing its communal colors. There are many other communal organizations that have come up now in Kashmir and terrorist activities further encourage communal violence. oer the years the BJP has also gained some political mileage in the state. Superintendent of Police brought the situation under control The procession was fired upon by the PAC killing 12 persons, all young Muslim boys. The PAC was itself a party to the looting that followed. The SIMI has spread communal poison o ver the years and instigated the minds of Muslim youths through provocative posters. In spite of its controversial role the PAC is deployed as soon as a disturbance emerges. The procession was taken out to demand the arrest of people who were involved in the construction of a religious structure in a village near by.April 2001 Beawar, Rajasthana VHP-BJP procession was stoned and miscreants threw bottles of acid on itYear Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons violence erupted after the murder of a youth belonging to the minority community following an incident of eve teasing Casualties Dead InjuredInquiry Commission ResultRemarks June 2001 Chamrajnagar, Mysore Jamner, Maharashtra June 2001 July 2001 Moradabad, UP a gang of miscreants attacked the houses of the minority communityAugust 2001 August 2001 Amravani, Maharashtra Ahmedabad October 2001 Malegaon, MaharashtraShiv Sainiks attacked Muslims who were taking their oxen for slaughter hawkers belonging to the minority community were crush up in the Maninagar area. arrest of a Muslim youth distributing pamphlets outside a Mosque 2 1 in police firing 30 10, including 4 policemen several12 persons were taken into custody after the riots. Arson and looting took place on a large scale but there was no loss of life. Many people came out into the streets carrying swords and began looting and burning property. The population of Muslims in this town happens to be quite substantial, whereas Sarpanch and the MLA both belonged to the BJP. Those involved in the looting and arson fled the town and were not arrested even several days after the incidents. no one was arrested. The police said that the motive behind the clashes could have been robbery. But, a deputation of the Jamait-ul-Ulema visited the village and refuted the police theory, because those killed were very poor and had hardly anything in their houses worth robbing. The police arrested 70 persons in this connection. quaternion Bajrang Dal activi sts were arrested for inciting violence.13, including 3 in police firing Year LocationCommunities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons the burning at Godhra, of a go-cart of the Sabarmati express which was coming from Ayodhya, carrying kar sevaksCasualties Dead 2000+ InjuredInquiry Commission More than 30 reports have been prepared by various committees. On March 6, 2002, inquiry committee under Justice (Rtd.) KG Shah and Justice Nanavati establishedResult Remarks February, 2002 Ahmedabad, GujaratTheir common finding has been that it was a one-sided carnage and not a riot in the usual sense.The violence continued for about a month. The administration as well as the government did nothing to control the violence and right-wing organizations like the VHP and Bajrang Dal got full support in spreading violence. The Modi government benefited from all this as the BJP won the assemblage elections in December, 2002.February 2002 Kaithal, Haryana linked to the Gujarat violence March 2002 March 2002Bhivani district, a mob of 300 persons Haryana were incited by rumors of cow slaughter Rajasthan violence occurred on the occasion of Muharram. The immediate reason for the violence was the organization of a yagna in a temple by the VHP, BJP and Bajrang DalMobs pulled down a Mosque and considerable damage was done to property. The police made weakly attempts to stop the mob, which later demolished the Macesoleum of Pir Nurani Badshah and extensively damaged three others. two mosques and 15 shops and houses belonging to the Muslims were attacked The population of the area comprises 25 percent Muslims and was once considered to be a stronghold of the SIMI.Year Location Communities/Organizati ons involved/Reasons riots began when some Muslim organizations led by the Muslim Vikas Parishad gave the call for a bandh to protest against a Christian Baptist priest in the US describing the Prophet as a terrorist Celebrations over Indias win against Pakistan in the World Cup turned violen t Casualties Dead 9 Injured cxv Inquiry Commission Result Remarks October 2002 Sholapur, MaharashtraThe protestors went in procession after prayers on Friday good afternoon and threw stones at a Navratri pandal. The Hindus retaliated and riots broke out.. 500 arrested.March 2003 Gujarat 1 in Gujarat 9 several elsewhere several confusable incidents also took place in Vadodara, Gorakhpur, Gajrawadi, Kolkata and Bangalore Marad was a case of planned attack when some well armed men came and killed members of a particular community.May 2003 Marad, Kerala About the cause B Rajeshwari is a Research scholarly person at the Center for Political Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She is writing her MPhil dissertation titled Power, knowledge and Globalisation A Case contract of TRIPS. Her research interests include issues relating to Communal Violence, governance and Development. Currently she is Research Assistant at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.